2015
DOI: 10.1002/wcc.345
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Drought and societal collapse 3200 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review

Abstract: One of the goals of climate scientists is to understand how climate shifts may have changed the course of history and influenced culture at millennial timescales. Repeatedly, environmental degradation has upset the balance between people, their habitat, and the socioeconomic frameworks in which they live. Among these imbalances, drought, firmly rooted in people's minds as a catalyst of harvest failures and famines, remains a permanent threat because it may trigger or amplify social crises, leading to massive e… Show more

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Cited by 68 publications
(50 citation statements)
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“…Within the overall period between 4.4 and 1.5 ka BP, two phases of extreme dryness stand out. The first of these covers the period from 4.3 to 3.7 ka BP, and is correlative with the widely recognized 4.2‐ka dry event (Cullen et al ., ), while the second extends from 3.2 to 2.6 ka BP, and includes the ‘climatic crisis’ at the end of the Bronze Age (Kaniewski et al ., ). The latter represents the most arid conditions during the last 14 ka at Nar, with largely non‐laminated, highly compacted and cemented lake sediments, indicative of a shallow, hyper‐saline water body.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Within the overall period between 4.4 and 1.5 ka BP, two phases of extreme dryness stand out. The first of these covers the period from 4.3 to 3.7 ka BP, and is correlative with the widely recognized 4.2‐ka dry event (Cullen et al ., ), while the second extends from 3.2 to 2.6 ka BP, and includes the ‘climatic crisis’ at the end of the Bronze Age (Kaniewski et al ., ). The latter represents the most arid conditions during the last 14 ka at Nar, with largely non‐laminated, highly compacted and cemented lake sediments, indicative of a shallow, hyper‐saline water body.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…During the course of the Holocene the Mediterranean region has seen human societies flourish and decline, empires come and go but humans have always persisted. The development, longevity, and well-being of human societies in the Mediterranean have often been linked to the climate of the region (Andel et al, 1986;Cline, 2014;Drake, 2012;Kaniewski et al, 2015;Knapp and Manning, 2016;Labuhn et al, 2016;Middleton, 2017;Roberts et al, 2011b;Weiss et al, 1993). The Mediterranean is characterized by a wealth of archaeological studies as well as a relatively dense network of paleoclimatic archives that make it a perfect case study to investigate the potential influence of climate on human societies and civilizations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Mediterranean is characterized by a wealth of archaeological studies as well as a relatively dense network of paleoclimatic archives that make it a perfect case study to investigate the potential influence of climate on human societies and civilizations. Climate and climate variability have, on many occasions, been used to interpret and explain profound and rapid social transformations in human societies both on long (millennial to multi-centennial) and short (centennial to decadal) time scales (Berger and Guilaine, 2009;Kaniewski et al, 2013Kaniewski et al, , 2015Roberts et al, 2011b;Rosen and Rivera-Collazo, 2012;Weiss et al, 1993).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The possible impact of climate change on these sequences of events has long been an issue (for a historical overview see Knapp and Manning 2016) but one that has come increasingly to the fore in the advent of local paleoclimate records (Drake 2012, Knapp and Manning 2016, Finné et al 2017. The end of the palatial period coincides with a period of arid climate (the so called 3.2ka event) and can be chronologically connected to societal transformations throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region (Roberts et al 2011, Langgut et al 2013, Wiener 2014, Kaniewski et al 2015. The question is how much influence should be ascribed to Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%