Drowning in Disinfection Byproducts? Assessing Swimming Pool Water

Zwiener, Christian; Richardson, Susan D.; DeMarini, David M.; Grummt, Tamara; Glauner, Thomas; Frimmel, Fritz H.

doi:10.1021/es702871c

Cited by 89 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, parabens may react with free chlorine to form chlorinated parabens during disinfection of swimming pool water, which are more stable in environment and more toxic than the corresponding parent parabens (Bledzka et al 2014;Terasaki et al 2009). These compounds may continuously accumulate and increase in swimming pools (Zwiener et al 2007). Thus, humans may be exposed to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives via different pathways in swimming pools (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption) (Bedoux et al 2012;Karpuzoglu et al 2013).…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Hongwen Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 The total concentrations of parabens and chlorinated parabens in 39 swimming pools Fig. 3 Box-and-whisker plots of concentrations of parabens and chlorinated parabens in different types of swimming pools continuous loading of the water with organic carbon from swimmers can accumulate in swimming pool water (Zwiener et al 2007). The levels of TOC could factually reflect the operating conditions of the swimming pools.…”

Section: Comparison Of Different Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The operation of a swimming pool would also affect the levels of parabens with several factors, such as the swimmers' behavior in the swimming pool, service hours, replacement frequency of the swimming pool, as well as contaminants brought into the swimming pool (Zwiener et al 2007). This result provides a general trend of the levels of parabens in water of swimming pool.…”

Section: Comparison Of Different Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Responsible Editor: Hongwen Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Different Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Different Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…in a swimming pool at pH 7.0 only 0,0017% of the total chlorine is found as Cl 2 (aq) (20 °C, 2.5 g/L Cl -, White, 1992). In addition to potential contamination from pathogenic microorganisms, swimming pool water is polluted by organic matter deposited from the bathers such as saliva, urine and sweat, hair, moisturizing lotions and sunscreens, also known as bather load (Judd and Bullock, 2003;Zwiener et al, 2007). Since chlorine is a strong oxidant it oxidizes the natural organic matter (NOM) found in the source water and the organic material deposited by the bathers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, recently other chlorinated DBPs such as cyanogen halides, HAAs and HANs (Glauner et al, 2005;Zwiener et al, 2007) has been shown to be far more dangerous for human health since they are directly linked to cancer risk and are generally more toxic than the regulated DBPs. The cytoand genotoxic potency of HANs is higher than for HAAs which is higher than for THMs .…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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This study investigated the formation and predicted toxicity of different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from human exudates in relation to chlorination of pool water at different pH values. Specifically, the formation of the DBP groups trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloramine (NCl 3 ), resulting from the chlorination of body fluid analog, were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0. Either the initial concentration of active chorine or free chlorine was kept constant in the tested pH range. THM formation was reduced by decreasing pH but HAN, and NCl 3 formation increased at decreasing pH whereas the formation of HAAs remained constant. Under our experimental conditions, the formation of NCl 3 (suspected asthma inducing compound) at pH = 6.0 was an order of magnitude higher than at pH = 7.5. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of bromide on DBP formation was investigated and found to follow the same pH dependency as without bromide present, with the overall DBP formation increasing, except for HAAs. Estimation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the chlorinated human exudates showed that among the quantified DBP groups, HAN formation were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs in both absence and presence of bromide.

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Disinfectant and By‐Product Analysis in Water Treatment by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry

Olson

2012

Mass Spectrometry Handbook

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Drowning in Disinfection Byproducts? Assessing Swimming Pool Water

Cited by 89 publications

References 0 publications

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

Disinfectant and By‐Product Analysis in Water Treatment by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry

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