Drowning Incident Rescuer Characteristics: Encoding the First Component of the 4W Model

Avramidis, Stathis; Butterly, Ronald; Llewellyn, David J.

doi:10.25035/ijare.03.01.06

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The authors posit that for many people, the emotion that takes over when rescuing a family member or friend from drowning, likely also extends to pet owners and their animals 45 . Similarly pets, in particular dogs, have also played a role in rescue and retrieval in drowning cases 46 and may have a part to play in prevention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who rescues who? Understanding aquatic rescues in Australia using coronial data and a survey

Franklin

Peden

Brander

et al. 2019

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To examine fatal drowning associated with aquatic rescues and prior self‐reported experience of undertaking an aquatic rescue in Australia. Methods: Previous aquatic rescue experience was sourced through the 2013 Queensland Computer Assisted Telephone Instrument Survey and compared to data on rescue‐related fatal unintentional drowning between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2015. Results: Twenty‐three per cent (n=294/1291) of survey respondents had previously performed an aquatic rescue. Males (X2=35.2; p<0.001) were more likely to have performed a rescue; commonly at a beach/ocean/harbour location (X2=13.5; p<0.001). Females were more likely to have rescued a child (0‐4 years of age) (X2=29.2; p<0.001) from a swimming pool (X2=34.3; p<0.001). Fifty‐one people drowned while performing an aquatic rescue (Males=82.4%; 25–44 years of age=53.0%; beaches=54.9%). Conclusions: Drownings are prevented by bystanders; this is not without risk to the rescuer. Most people perform only one rescue in their life, often at a younger age, on an altruistic basis, of family members or young children. Community‐wide rescue skills, taught at a young age, with consideration for coastal, inland and swimming pool environments, may prevent drowning. Implications for public health: There is a need to train people early in their life on how to undertake a safe rescue and provide resuscitation, including promoting regular updates, in particular if supervising children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who rescues who? Understanding aquatic rescues in Australia using coronial data and a survey

Franklin

Peden

Brander

et al. 2019

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…Based upon this literature review, we conducted two studies to investigate who is most likely to drown (see below). The methodology (participants, apparatus, and procedures) of both studies was consistent with a previously-described study (e.g., Avramidis, Butterly, & Llewellyn, 2007, 2009.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The 4W model was proposed as a theoretical and practical mechanism for understanding drowning. We have previously described the first "W," or "Who 1," associated with characteristics, experience, and other factors associated with rescuers (Avramidis, Butterly, & Llewellyn, 2009). The current article examines the second "W" or "Who 2" qualities and characteristics associated with those casualties who suffer drowning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Drowns? Encoding the Second Component of the 4W Model

Avramidis¹,

Butterly²,

Llewellyn³

2009

IJARE

Self Cite

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“…A result shown in an observational study of drowning-incident videos available in the public domain shows that lifeguards may in fact have a superior search. Avramidis, Butterly, and Llewellyn (2009) found in an investigation of rescuer characteristics that the average untrained bystander failed to recognise the majority of drownings, despite the presence of substantial outward drowning behaviour. Whereas with the lifeguards on duty, it was found that they remained highly vigilant, accurately detecting any drowning behaviours, showing the superiority in detection and recognition of a distressed swimmer, despite the lack of response from other bystanders.…”

Section: Lifeguard Experience Effects In Visual Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Lifeguard Experience upon the Detection of Drowning Victims in a Realistic Dynamic Visual Search Task

Laxton

Crundall

2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Summary: Lifeguard surveillance is a complex task that is crucial for swimmer safety, though few studies of applied visual search have investigated this domain. This current study compared lifeguard and non-lifeguard search skills using dynamic, naturalistic stimuli (video clips of confederate swimmers) that varied in set size and type of drowning. Lifeguards were more accurate and responded faster to drowning targets. Differences between drowning targets were also found: Passive drownings were responded to less often, but more quickly than active drownings, highlighting that passive drownings may be less salient but are highly informative once detected. Set size effects revealed a dip in reaction speeds at an intermediate set-size level, suggesting a possible change in visual search strategies as the array increases in size. Nonetheless, the ability of the test to discriminate between lifeguards and non-lifeguards offers future possibilities for training and assessing lifeguard surveillance skills.

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Drowning Incident Rescuer Characteristics: Encoding the First Component of the 4W Model

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Who rescues who? Understanding aquatic rescues in Australia using coronial data and a survey

Who rescues who? Understanding aquatic rescues in Australia using coronial data and a survey

Who Drowns? Encoding the Second Component of the 4W Model

The Effect of Lifeguard Experience upon the Detection of Drowning Victims in a Realistic Dynamic Visual Search Task

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