Drowning-related fatalities during a 5-year period (2008–2012) in South-West Hungary – A retrospective study

Rácz, Evelin; Könczöl, Franciska; Mészáros, Hajnalka; Kozma, Zsolt; Mayer, Mátyás; Porpáczy, Zoltán; Poór, Viktor Soma; Sipos, Katalin

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.01.001

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A nationwide study conducted in Sweden revealed that alcohol was involved in 44% of unintentional drowning deaths [ 5 ]. Similar percentages, ranging from approximately 25 to 50, have been reported in other western countries [ 2 , 6 – 8 ]. The estimate for Finland is as many as 60% of fatal drowning victims as being alcohol-positive, [ 4 , 9 ] and as many as 54.8% have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) over 100 mg/dL [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Unintentional drowning: Role of medicinal drugs and alcohol

Pajunen¹,

Vuori²,

Vincenzi³

et al. 2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundAlcohol is a well-known risk factor in unintentional drownings. Whereas psychotropic drugs, like alcohol, may cause psychomotor impairment and affect cognition, no detailed studies have focused on their association with drowning. Finland provides extensive post-mortem toxicological data for studies on drowning because of its high medico-legal autopsy rates.MethodsDrowning cases, 2000 through 2009, for which post-mortem toxicological analysis was performed, came from the database of the Toxicological Laboratory, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, using the ICD-10 nature-of-injury code T75.1. The data were narrowed to unintentional drowning, using the ICD-10 external-injury codes V90, V92, and W65–74. Each drowning case had its blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and concentrations of other drugs recorded. Evaluation of the contribution of psychotropic drugs to drowning was based on their blood concentration by means of a 6-grade scale.ResultsAmong victims ≥15 years old, unintentional drownings numbered 1697, of which, 303 (17.9%) were boating-related and 1394 (82.1%) non-boating-related. Among these, 65.0% of boating-related and 61.8% of non-boating-related victims were alcohol-positive (=BAC ≥ 50 mg/dL). The male-to-female ratio in alcohol-positive drownings was 7.3. At least one psychotropic drug appeared in 453 (26.7%) drowning cases, with some victims’ bodies showing up to 7 different drugs. Overall 70 different psychotropic drugs were detectable, with 134 (7.9%) cases both alcohol-negative and psychotropic-drug-positive, of these, 59 (3.5%) were graded 4 to 6, indicating a possible to very probable contribution to drowning. Our findings suggest that psychotropic drugs may play a significant role in drowning, in up to 14.5% of cases, independently or in association with alcohol.ConclusionsPsychotropic drugs alone or in association with alcohol may be an overlooked risk factor in drowning, due to their effects on psychomotor function and cognition. Future studies should also address other mechanisms—for instance drug-induced long-QT syndrome—by which drugs may contribute to drowning.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4306-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Unintentional drowning: Role of medicinal drugs and alcohol

Pajunen¹,

Vuori²,

Vincenzi³

et al. 2017

BMC Public Health

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“…Males are at greater risk of drowning than females and accounted for 45,240 events (75%) from 50 out of 62 articles compared to 15,295 female events (25%) [ 13 , 16 – 28 , 30 – 33 , 35 – 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 52 – 55 , 57 , 59 – 74 ]. Males generally exhibit riskier behavior than their female counterparts and therefore expose themselves to more dangerous situations when around bodies of water [ 75 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 16 articles accounting for 4453 drowning victims contain primary data on the location and body of water. A total of 2047 (46%) drowning events occurred in large bodies of water, 1852 (42%) in small bodies of water, 326 (7%) unknown, 119 (3%) in swimming pools, and 109 (2%) indoor [ 18 – 20 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 57 , 58 , 64 , 71 , 78 , 79 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of drowning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organization, drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths worldwide, accounting for 370,000 annual deaths and 7% of all injury-related deaths. Low- and middle-income countries are the most affected, accounting for 91% of unintentional drowning deaths.MethodsThe authors performed a systematic review of literature indexed in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Traumatology journals formerly indexed in PubMed in January 2014 and again in September 2016. Abstracts were limited to human studies in English, conducted in low- and middle-income countries, and containing quantitative data on drowning epidemiology.ResultsA total of 62 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of articles originate from Asia (56%) and Africa (26%). Risk factors for drowning included young age (<17–20 years old), male gender (75% vs. 25% female), rural environment (84% vs. 16% urban), occurring in the daytime (95% vs. 5% night time), lack of adult supervision (76% vs. 18% supervised), and limited swimming ability (86% vs. 10% with swimming ability). There was almost equal risk of drowning in a small body of water versus a large body of water (42% ponds, ditches, streams, wells; 46% lakes, rivers, sea, ocean).ConclusionDrowning is a significant cause of injury-related deaths, especially in LMICs. Young males who are unsupervised in rural areas and have limited formal swimming instruction are at greatest risk of drowning in small bodies of water around their homes. Preventative strategies include covering wells and cisterns, fencing off ditches and small ponds, establishing community daycares, providing formal swimming lessons, and increasing awareness of the risks of drowning.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4239-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Considering the data obtained from the research, it is seen that approximately 69,737% of drowning victims are men. Referring to all investigations in the literature, it is seen that 60-80 % of the drowned people are male (Racz et al, 2015;Tıraşcı & Gören, 2000;Thélot et al, 2008;Forler et al, 2010;Karbeyaz et al, 2011;Başol et al, 2012;Ahlm et al, 2013;Türkoğlu et al, 2014;Lakadamyalı, 2008). In this respect, this finding of the study is compatible with the literature.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Albertini, 2003;Idris et al, 2003). In consideration of the results, drowning can be classified as death, morbidity, and no morbidity (Racz et al, 2015). Accidental drowning can have severe and sometimes fatal consequences in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Drowning Events in Antalya in 2014-2015

DOĞRUL¹

2022

ijoess

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Drowning is described as obstructing the respiration with liquid flowing into alveoli of lungs and blocking the respiration ways by congesting the mouth and nose. Drowning is an insidious and more or less a short process of respiratory impairment caused by submersion in a liquid environment. In a drowning event, the longer the duration of the submersion, the higher the risk of death, some short-term symptoms or further complications. Although drowning is often preventable, it is one of the top fatal accidents. In Turkey the average of 1000 people die by drowning in a year. Drowning is on the second ranking for the reason of unnatural death safter traffic accident. Drowning occurs more frequently in populated area, which is surrounded with sea, lake or river. Deaths attributed to drowning affecting all age groups are usually seen among young population, especially under the age of 30 years old. In addition, men and children are at the top of the drowning victims from statistics analysing. In cases of drowning, the first cause is usually by accidental, and the second is by suicidal events. Accidental children drowning are usually caused by the fact that children are not under adult supervision. In this study; there are 152 drowning events occured in Antalya province of Turkey between the year of 2014-2015 have been analyzed retrospectively. When the data is analyzed; It is seen that the most drownings occurred in June with 17,105%, 69,737% of the drowned were men and 58,553% died. In order to analyze numerical data in the research, the data was analyzed with association rules which are one of the data mining methods. Drowning incidents have been analyzed in terms of gender, age, nationality, month, day of the week, drowning environment and suggestions were made to reduce the cases of drowning.

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Drowning-related fatalities during a 5-year period (2008–2012) in South-West Hungary – A retrospective study

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Unintentional drowning: Role of medicinal drugs and alcohol

Unintentional drowning: Role of medicinal drugs and alcohol

The epidemiology of drowning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Investigation of Drowning Events in Antalya in 2014-2015

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