Drowning

Szpilman, David; Bierens, Joost J.L.M.; Handley, Anthony J.; Orlowski, James P.

doi:10.1056/nejmra1013317

Cited by 306 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Once it is established that the patient has a pulse, the immediate priorities for resuscitation are airway management, oxygenation and ventilation. [10] For a pulseless person, CPR should commence with chest compressions, with attention to airway patency, ventilations and supplemental oxygen provision. The Heimlich manoeuvre is not indicated where water with particulate matter remains the cause of airway obstruction.…”

Section: Prehospital Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on drowning

Matthew

Robertson²,

Hofmeyr

2017

S Afr Med J

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An 18-year-old matriculant goes to the beach with friends to celebrate his school results. The ensuing boisterous party includes consumption of alcohol. As dusk falls, he goes for a swim with his girlfriend. She is soon seen waving frantically to their friends back on the beach. He has disappeared below the water surface. Their friends swim out, and after 10 minutes they manage to find him, and bring him to shore. They immediately start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), while calling for help. BackgroundDespite being essential to life, water, which comprises >60% of our body mass and covers >75% of the surface our planet, continues to be an occupational and recreational threat to humans. Drowning among young adults in South Africa (SA) is unfortunately especially common. Poor swimming ability due to historical lack of access to facilities, concomitant alcohol use and easy access to rivers, lakes and the ocean are all contributing factors. This is compounded by relatively limited resources to respond to drowning incidents across wide, unpatrolled areas, resulting in a growing burden of disease affecting the younger population groups in SA. Recognition of a drowning event is also a problem, as not every drowning victim will indicate their need for assistance (Fig. 1). This review examines the evidence and recommendations on drowning from an African perspective, and brings the health fraternity one step closer to developing guidelines for our country. DefinitionDrowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from either submersion or immersion in liquid. [1] Drowning outcomes are classified as either drowning with mortality, drowning with morbidity, or drowning without morbidity.[1] Other older terms (such as wet, dry or near drowning) have been deemed unhelpful, and have been abandoned. EpidemiologyDrowning epidemiology varies dramatically worldwide, but is notably more severe in low-to middle-income countries. US data report ~4 000 drowning deaths, 8 000 hospitalisations and 31 000 emer gency department (ED) visits per year for children ˂19 years old.[2] Regret tably, there are no consistent published data for SA, but preliminary information from Lifesaving South Africa (LSA) reveals similar trends in age demographics, although true numbers are largely unknown. [3] Extrapolation from forensic pathology data in the Western Cape provides an estimation of 4/100 000 fatal drownings per year, which is similar to the World Health Organization's estimations for low-income countries in Africa. Despite only an estimated 1 in 4 cases being reported, Africa has the highest rate of drowning in the world. [4] This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. Drowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from either submersion or immersion in liquid. Drowning morbidity and mortality are an under-recognised public health burden in southern Africa. Continuous concerted efforts are underway to improve awareness among recreational water use...

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Section: Prehospital Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on drowning

Matthew

Robertson²,

Hofmeyr

2017

S Afr Med J

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“…Afogamento por submersão ocorre quando a via aérea se encontra abaixo da superfície do líquido; afogamento por imersão ocorre quando é lançada quantidade de água suficiente sobre o rosto da vítima (SZPILMAN et al, 2012). Óbito por afogamento é definido quando a vítima é retirada do meio líquido sem possibilidades de ressuscitação (SEGUNDO; SAMPAIO, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Após, ocorrerá inspiração involuntária e o líquido na via aérea ocasionará reflexo de tosse ou laringoespasmos. Se esse processo não for interrompido, em geral em poucos minutos, a hipoxemia levará à perda de consciência e à parada cardíaca (SZPILMAN et al, 2012). Essa pequena janela de oportunidade para o salvamento justifica a importância de atuar na prevenção desses acidentes.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos por afogamento no estado do Tocantins no período de 2010 a 2014

Rodrigues

Carvalho²,

Cuellar³

2017

Rev Pat Tocantins

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RESUMO Objetivo: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos por afogamento no estado do Tocantins no período de 2010 a 2014. Métodos: Análise dos dados obtidos através da plataforma online do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DataSus). Resultados: No período, foram registrados 337 óbitos por afogamento e submersão acidentais, desses, 82,19% eram do sexo masculino e 17,21%, do sexo feminino. A faixa etária com maior número de casos foi de 20 a 29 anos com 17,51%. Observou-se que 116 vítimas apresentavam entre 1 e 7 anos de estudo, 46, mais de 7 anos, 42, não tinham escolaridade e em 133 ocorrências (39,96%) o dado foi ignorado. O mês com o maior número de ocorrências foi julho com 59 óbitos (17,5%). Os municípios que registraram maior número de mortes foram Palmas (10,97%), Araguaína (6,82%) e Porto Nacional (6,23%). Considerações finais: Os óbitos por afogamento implicam prejuízos econômicos diretos e indiretos, como aqueles empregados para o salvamento e secundários à perda de indivíduos jovens e potencialmente produtivos. Comprova-se então a importância do tema para saúde pública e a necessidade de planejamento e a alocação de recursos em ações de prevenção e para a proteção dos grupos de maior risco. Palavras-chave: Afogamento, Mortalidade, Epidemiologia, Sistemas de informação. ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the drowning death's epidemiological profile in the Brazilian State of Tocantins between 2010 and 2014. Methods: Data analysis from the information obtained through the Unified Health System's Information Technology Department (DataSus). Results: 337 deaths secondary to incidental drowning and submersion were reported, 82,19% of the victims were males and 17,21%, females. The largest number of occurrences happened to subjects ranging from 20 to 29 years. 116 of the victims had attended school from 1 to 7 years, 46, more than 7 years, 42, never had gone to school and in 33 occurrences (39,96%) this information was ignored. July registered most of the deaths (17,5%). The highest number of deaths were reported in the cities of Palmas (10,97%), Araguaína (6,82%) e Porto Nacional (6,23%). Final considerations: Drowning deaths imply direct and indirect economic losses, like those spent in water rescue and due to the destitution of young and potentially productive individuals from society. That proves the matter's relevance to Public health and the need of planning and allocating resources in prevention and protection of the most endangered groups. Keywords: Drowning, Mortality, Epidemiology, Information systems.

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“…5,6 Todos os anos, morrem aproximadamente 500 mil pessoas por afogamento (0,7% dos óbitos) no mundo. 7 As estatísticas sobre esse agravo podem ser consideradas de baixa confiabilidade, em razão de um grande número de casos não ser notificado, na forma de desaparecimento sem confirmação de óbito, em casos de inundações e tsunamis. 8 O impacto econômico gerado pelos acidentes por afogamento foi calculado em torno de 273 e 228 milhões de dólares dispendidos anualmente, nos Estados Unidos da América (2001) e no Brasil (2008) respectivamente.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified