Drug delivery by red blood cells

Abstract

SummaryDrug delivery is a growing field of interdisciplinary activities that combine the use of new materials with the biochemical properties of selected drugs, with the aim of improving their therapeutic action and reducing their toxicity. In few cases, proper medical devices have been also realized to implement new drug delivery modalities. In this article, we have summarized available information and our experience on the use of autologous Red Blood Cells as carriers for drugs to be released within the vascular system. This is not a comprehensive review, but it focusses on the mechanisms that are available to distribute drugs in circulation by carrier red blood cells and provide illustrative examples on how this is currently obtained. We have not included a summary of clinical data collected in recent years using this technology but simply provided proper references for the interested readers. Finally, a special attention is devoted to the possibility of entrapping, into autologous red blood cells, recombinant drug-binding proteins. This new strategy is opening the way at a new modality to influence the vascular distribution of drugs by realizing a dynamic circulating container (the engineered red cell) capable of reversible binding and transportation of one or more drugs of interest selected on the bases of the red cell entrapped target proteins. This new modality is not yet fully developed and explored but will certainly provide a technical solution to the problem of stabilizing drug concentration in circulation improving drug efficacy and reducing drug toxicity.

Screening and characterization of extracelluar L-asparaginase producing Bacillus subtilis strain hswx88, isolated from Taptapani hotspring of Odisha, India

“…Treatment with LAse, polyphenoloxidase and low frequency laser decreased adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to human erythrocytes [4] . LAse also known commercially as Oncaspar, Colaspase, Crasnitin, Kidrolase, Erwinase and Elspar [5] .…”

“…The colonies obtained were further purified by streaking techniques on nutrient agar plates. The purified culture was further maintained at 4 °C for further use.…”

“…The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and the reaction was stopped by adding 100 µL of 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 6 000×g for 5 min at 4 °C to remove the precipitates. The ammonia released in the supernatant was determined using colorimetric technique by adding 500 µL Nessler's reagent into the sample containing 200 µL supernatant and 4.3 mL distilled water.…”

“…The results of the morphological, biochemical and physiological tests were put into Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [19] and bacterial identification software's like PIBwin version 2.0 and ABIS online for accurate identification. The isolate TPS-12 was exposed to temperature range of 40-100°C, pH range of [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and sodium chloride concentrations range of 2%-10% for evaluation of physiological characteristics. The antibiogram pattern of the isolate TPS-12 was tested for sensitivity against different antibiotic discs (Himedia, Mumbai) viz., erythromycin (15 …”

“…The isolate TPS-12 when exposed to temperature range of 40-100 °C, showed growth in the temperature range of 150-70 °C, while the growth was restricted above and below the above specified range. The isolate TPS-12 when exposed to different pH range (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) and tolerance to different concentrations of sodium chloride (2%-10%), exhibited growth at pH range of [5][6][7][8][9][10] and tolerated sodium chloride concentrations 2%-7% respectively. The isolate showed no growth at pH 3 The results of the antibiogram pattern revealed that the isolate TPS-12 was very sensitive to all the tested antibiotics.…”