“…Tumor development, invasion and metastasis are highly dependent on neovascularization ( Goncalves et al, 2021 ; Rimini and Casadei-Gardini, 2021 ). Under physiological conditions, angiogenesis is intricately and precisely regulated by multiple molecules and mechanisms that allow the formation of highly tissue-specific, structured and hierarchical vascular networks to sustain the physiological processes of embryonic development, growth and tissue repair ( Lai et al, 2021 ; Martin and Gurevich, 2021 ; Narasimhan et al, 2021 ). However, tumor cells are able to release large amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibit the secretion of angiogenesis inhibitory factor, which unbalances the regulatory mechanism of angiogenesis, resulting in rapid, uncontrolled proliferation of tumor neovascularization and a large, abnormally disordered replenishment network ( Liu Y. et al, 2021 ; Uemura et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ).…”