Drug delivery systems: An updated review

Abstract

Drug delivery is the method or process of administering a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals. For the treatment of human diseases, nasal and pulmonary routes of drug delivery are gaining increasing importance. These routes provide promising alternatives to parenteral drug delivery particularly for peptide and protein therapeutics. For this purpose, several drug delivery systems have been formulated and are being investigated for nasal and pulmonary delivery. These include liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins, among others. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers show assurance in fulfilling the stringent requirements placed on these delivery systems, such as ability to be transferred into an aerosol, stability against forces generated during aerosolization, biocompatibility, targeting of specific sites or cell populations in the lung, release of the drug in a predetermined manner, and degradation within an acceptable period of time.

Lactose-based glycoconjugates with variable spacers for design of liver-targeted liposomes

“…Внедрение в фармацевтическую технологию направленных систем доставки позволило повысить эффективность лечения многих трудно излечиваемых заболеваний [1]. Направленная доставка улучшает биодоступность препарата в организме, снижает проявление нежелательных побочных эффектов и позволяет применять лекарственный препарат в меньших дозах.…”

Supramolecular nanoscale assemblies for cancer diagnosis and therapy

“…DDS have impact in therapeutics and diagnostics applications due to their unique electrical, chemical and optical characteristics, biocompatibility and reactive surface, which confer high potential to improved drug bioavailability, drug controlled release, favourable pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic properties and significant reduction of unwanted systemic side effects [6,8,11,35].…”

“…In fact, this uptake and distribution in the body is based on various physicochemical characteristics of NPs such as NP-based nanocarrier, size, shape and surface charge [4,133,134]. NP-based nanocarriers are fundamental polymeric NPs (PLGA, PLA, chitosan, gelatin, polycaprolactone and poly-alkyl-cyanoacrylates), liposomes (lipid bilayers), dendrimers (branched molecules), nanoemulsions, quantum dots (semiconductormaterials), gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins and metal NPs (gold) [35,101,[135][136][137][138]. According to different point of view, NPs less than 20-50 nm in hydrodynamic diameter are able to cross through blood vessels walls, by intravenous injections as well as intramuscular and subcutaneous applications [4,134,139,140].…”

Nanotechnology Based Therapeutics, Drug Delivery Mechanisms and Vaccination approaches for Countering Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Associated Diseases

“…Drug delivery system is the method or process of administering a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals (Tiwari et al, 2012). To reach the highest level of efficacy of an administered drug, two factors need to be considered, namely; the ability of the drug to present itself to the body at a specific required rate and to direct the active entity of the drug specifically to the site of action thereby increasing the action of the drug and reducing the side effects (Wikberg et al, 1997).…”