Drug Delivery Systems for Imaging and Therapy of Parkinson';s Disease

Abstract

Background: Although a variety of therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, challenges limit effective therapy. Among these challenges are delivery of drugs through the blood brain barier to the target brain tissue and the side effects observed during long term administration of antiparkinsonian drugs. The use of drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, gold nanoparticles, microspheres, microcapsules, nanobubbles, microbubbles and dendrimers is being investigated for diagnosis and therapy.Methods: This review focuses on formulation, development and advantages of nanosized drug delivery systems which can penetrate the central nervous system for the therapy and/or diagnosis of PD, and highlights future nanotechnological approaches.Results: It is esential to deliver a sufficient amount of either therapeutic or radiocontrast agents to the brain in order to provide the best possible efficacy or imaging without undesired degradation of the agent. Current treatments focus on motor symptoms, but these treatments generally do not deal with modifying the course of Parkinson’s disease. Beyond pharmacological therapy, the identification of abnormal proteins such as α-synuclein, parkin or leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase 2 could represent promising alternative targets for molecular imaging and therapy of Parkinson's disease.Conclusion: Nanotechnology and nanosized drug delivery systems are being investigated intensely and could have potential effect for Parkinson’s disease. The improvement of drug delivery systems could dramatically enhance the effectiveness of Parkinson’s Disease therapy and reduce its side effects.

Nanoparticle-Based Technology Approaches to the Management of Neurological Disorders

“…Thus, the need for more optimal clinical options for the management of PD has spurred development in the frontiers of nanomedicine, with promising results in the early diagnosis of PD using nanomarkers and the delivery of CNS-targeting therapeutics using nanocarriers [ 196 ], which would also be applicable to AD. Similarly, research into NPs as a possible treatment option for TBI has been gaining traction in recent years, since NPs are said to be able to circumvent the biological barriers that hinder the transport of conventional drugs to the brain and encapsulate biologically active substances, reducing off-target side effects while improving site-specific delivery of therapeutics [ 197 ].…”

Biofluid Markers for Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: Evidence From a Catecholaminergic Perspective

“…It is still challenging to efficiently treat PD patients, due to a BBB impeding passage of most drugs. The development of various drug delivery systems encapsulating, e.g., DA, is, therefore, desirable ( 51 ). The focus herein lies upon extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoparticles including exosomes (<100 nm), microvesicles (100–1,000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (up to 4,000 nm) ( 52 ).…”

Terminal sterilization: Conventional methods versus emerging cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology for non‐viable biological tissues

“…Therefore, transmission of viruses through non‐viable TBTM is rare. However, viruses with small, and/or double stranded genomic material have more ability to repair damage to genetic material than viruses with complex genomes, and can resist high radiation doses of 100 kGy…”

“…Conversely, concerns regarding viral transmission via allografts from deceased donors potentially infected with HIV/HCV/HBV justify higher doses (e.g., 35 kGy) . Debates regarding optimal sterilization dose reflect concerns regarding unacceptable structural damage or physicochemical changes caused by high radiation doses and irradiation cost, especially for small tissue manufacturers, is an additional issue.…”