Purpose Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, an enzyme that is involved in the biotransformation of more than 50% of all drugs, by xenobiotics is an important cause of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in oncology. In addition to rifampicin and hyperforin, the anticancer drug paclitaxel has also been shown to be an inducer of CYP3A4 via activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We therefore screened 18 widely used anticancer drugs for their ability to activate PXR-mediated CYP3A4 induction. Methods A CYP3A4 reporter gene assay was employed to identify PXR agonists among the eighteen anticancer drugs. Subsequently CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression following treatment with these PXR agonists was assessed. Finally, the eVect of pre-treatment with these agents on the 1'-hydroxylation of midazolam (a speciWc CYP3A4 probe) was determined. Results Paclitaxel, erlotinib, tamoxifen, ifosfamide, Xutamide and docetaxel are able to activate PXR, while only strong PXR activation leads to signiWcant induction of CYP3A4 activity. Conclusions The identiWed PXR agonists may have the propensity to cause clinically relevant drug-drug interactions as a result of CYP3A4 induction.