Drug-induced Liver Injury from Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Prevention of Recurrent Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease: A Clinical Catch-22

Abstract

Gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD) is a rare autoimmune syndrome in which maternal antibodies lead to in utero fetal hepatocyte destruction, often presenting as neonatal liver failure and hemochromatosis. Antenatal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is generally accepted to be safe in pregnancy with demonstrable benefit for reducing GALD recurrence risk in subsequent pregnancies. Here we present a case of a 33-year-old woman with a prior neonatal demise due to GALD who received multiple prophylactic IVIG infusions in a subsequent twin pregnancy complicated by maternal jaundice and acute hepatitis. Liver biopsy demonstrated hepatocellular injury with bridging necrosis and cholestatic features consistent with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This case demonstrates the importance of close clinical monitoring during IVIG therapy and the need for further research into alternative prophylaxis options for GALD.