Drug-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia

Abstract

Drug-induced movement disorders could be classified into acute, subacute, and chronic based on the time of occurrence. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the most frequent long-term drug-induced movement disorders. Delay in treatment often caused TD to be irreversible. In this review, we will discuss TD in-depth to enhance clinician knowledge regarding the diagnosis, prevention, and comprehensive management of patients with TD. Keywords: tardive dyskinesia, movement, disorder, antipsychotic.

Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with clonazepam: A case report

“…6 Doses up to 4.5 mg/day of clonazepam have been used and reported in some studies. 5,10 However, it has also been reported that benzodiazepines do induce TD 5 and reappearance of TD symptoms have been reported with cessation of benzodiazepine treatment. 15 In our case, he was weaned off from clonazepam gradually with a slight increase in the dose of quetiapine.…”

“…10 Studies have found that there are correlations between TD and impaired cognition, poor response to treatment, greater risk of relapse, longer hospital stays, lower quality of life and functioning, a progressive course and increased mortality. 5,11 Effective treatment therefore is very important not only to improve the associated distress and improve the quality of life but also to strengthen the therapeutic relationship geared towards alleviating the primary psychiatric conditions for which the medications were given. The first line treatment of TD is vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT 2) inhibitors.…”

“…These abnormal movements occur mainly as a result of exposure to the dopamine blocking agents 3,4 . The word tardive comes from the Latin word “tardus” meaning late onset and dyskinesia meaning abnormal movement 5 . TD was first described by Sigwald et al.…”

“…The physical, emotional and social consequences of TD have been described to have direct bearing in the clinical outcome, functional recovery and survival 10 . Studies have found that there are correlations between TD and impaired cognition, poor response to treatment, greater risk of relapse, longer hospital stays, lower quality of life and functioning, a progressive course and increased mortality 5,11 …”

“…3,4 The word tardive comes from the Latin word "tardus" meaning late onset and dyskinesia meaning abnormal movement. 5 TD was first described by Sigwald et al in 1959, and the term was later coined by Faurbye et al in 1964. 6 Another entity called Tardive syndrome (TS) is more of a general term which includes any kind of neurological symptoms including hypo or hyperkinetic dyskinesias, gait disorders and sensory symptoms that develop with the use of dopamine receptor antagonists (DRA) and persists even after stopping the offending medications.…”