Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis

Karriker, Locke A.; Coetzee, Johann F.; Friendship, Robert; Apley, Michael D.

doi:10.1002/9781119350927.ch10

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…More recently, the use has been influenced by the need to comply with export requirements of some of Brazilian pork importers requiring the ban of its use. Furthermore, since tetracycline resistance is widespread (Karriker et al 2012) and its genes can be located in plasmid (Kehrenberg et al 2001), resistant strains may still be present in the P. multocida population. This could explain the fact that no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in susceptibility profiles between strains isolated in different periods, with MIC90 of 4µg/mL in both historical and recent isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida

et al. 2019

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Pasteurella (P.) multocida is the causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in swine, which is commonly associated with the final stages of enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex. Although this syndrome is one of the most common and important diseases of pigs, data on antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida isolates are uncommon in Brazil. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine and to compare antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Brazilian P. multocida isolated from pigs with lesions of pneumonia or pleuritis during two-time periods. Historical isolates (period of 1981 to 1997; n=44) and recent isolates (period of 2011 to 2012; n=50) were used to determine the MIC of amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol and tetracycline by microbroth dilution. Florfenicol had the lowest level of resistance for both historical and recent isolates (0% and 6%, respectively), while tetracycline had the highest (20.5% and 34%, respectively). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin/florfenicol/tetracycline was observed in 6% of recent isolates. There was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in resistance for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in recent isolates compared with historic isolates (3.8% and 18%, respectively), most likely due to the selective pressure of antimicrobial usage to treat and prevent P. multocida infections. The results of this study showed an increase of isolates resistant to important drugs used in treatment of P. multocida infections in pigs, demonstrating the need for the implementation of rational use of antimicrobials in Brazilian swine industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida

et al. 2019

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“…Management of respiratory disease is a major source of antibiotic use in swine production (Karriker et al, 2012). Antimicrobials may be used for several purposes; animals showing signs of clinical illness suggestive of bacterial infection may be treated individually, groups of animals may be treated prophylactically to prevent infection and clinical illness from occurring (although this use is not global and likely will become historical), or groups of animals with some animals already infected may be treated metaphylactically to prevent the spread of infection and clinical disease within-group (McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, 2002).…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the efficacy of antibiotics for the prevention of swine respiratory disease

Sargeant

Bergevin

Churchill

et al. 2019

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Prevention and control of respiratory disease is a major contributor to antibiotic use in swine. A systematic review was conducted to address the question, 'What is the comparative efficacy of antimicrobials for the prevention of swine respiratory disease?' Eligible studies were controlled trials published in English evaluating prophylactic antibiotics in swine, where clinical morbidity, mortality, or total antibiotic use was assessed. Four databases and the gray literature were searched for relevant articles. Two reviewers working independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility followed by full-text articles, and then extracted data and evaluated risk of bias for eligible trials. There were 44 eligible trials from 36 publications. Clinical morbidity was evaluated in eight trials where antibiotics were used in nursery pigs and 10 trials where antibiotics were used in grower pigs. Mortality was measured in 22 trials in nursery pigs and 12 trials in grower pigs. There was heterogeneity in the antibiotic interventions and comparisons published in the literature; thus, there was insufficient evidence to allow quantification of the efficacy, or relative efficacy, of antibiotic interventions. Concerns related to statistical non-independence and quality of reporting were noted in the included trials.

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“…Presentation of medication in injectable form, as used in the present study, is advantageous, because it enables its complete absorption, ensuring that the animal receives the entire necessary dose (Karriker et al 2012). Animals infected with L. intracellularis present with atrophy and fusion of the villi, with reduction of digestive enzymes, and inhibition of membrane transporters, mechanisms that lead to malabsorption diarrhea (Argenzio 1980, Vannucci & Guedes 2009), suggesting that it may result in low antibiotic uptake when this is administered orally.…”

Section: Table 2 Comparison Between Mean Weight Of Animals In the Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Tylosin injectable for the treatment of porcine proliferative enteropathy in experimentally inoculated pigs

et al. 2019

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Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is one of the most common enteric diseases in growing and finishing pigs. PPE is characterized by reduced growth performance, accompanied or not by diarrhea. PPE is highly prevalent in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, causing high economic losses in swine herds. The most common form of PPE control in pigs is antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new product based on tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) to control PPE in experimentally inoculated animals. Sixty 5-week-old pigs with mean weight of 9.5kg were divided into two experimental groups of 30 animals: medication and control. All pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the etiologic agent of PPE, on day zero. Fecal score, body condition score, and behavior were daily evaluated. Pigs were weighted on days -2, 13 and 21 of the experiment. Pigs in the Medication Group received tylosin injectable 13 days after inoculation, in three doses with a 12-hour interval between them. Pigs in the Control Group received injectable saline solution following the same protocol. In the Control Group, 23pigs presented with diarrhea before day 13. After day 13, the number of diarrheic animals in this group was reduced to 17. In the Medication Group, 26 pigs presented with diarrhea in the initial period, and in the period after medication, only 11 animals had diarrhea. The score of gross intestinal PPE lesions in the Medication Group was lower than that in the Control Group (p=0.031). The Medication Group also showed lower score for Lawsonia intracellularis antigen-labeling by immunohistochemistry compared with that of the Control Group (p=0.032), showing lower level of infection. These results demonstrate that tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.), administrated in three doses (1mL/20kg) every 12 hours, was effective for the control of PPE in experimentally inoculated pigs.

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Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis

Cited by 16 publications

References 42 publications

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida

A systematic review of the efficacy of antibiotics for the prevention of swine respiratory disease

Tylosin injectable for the treatment of porcine proliferative enteropathy in experimentally inoculated pigs

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