Drug-Related Problems Detected in Australian Community Pharmacies: The PROMISe Trial

Abstract

The documentation system allowed for the determination of the frequency and types of DRPs, as well as the recommendations made to resolve them in community pharmacy practice. Use of the software, including its electronic prompts, significantly increased the documentation of interventions by pharmacists.

Completeness of medication reviews provided by community pharmacists

“…All potential DRPs and associated recommendations were classified using the D.O.C.U.M.E.N.T. classification system using the most recent version . Clinical relevance was assessed by the percentage of DRPs assigned a high priority, the percentage of recommendations for drug change and the percentage of implemented recommendations for drug change.…”

Development of an Aggregated System for Classifying Causes of Drug-Related Problems

“…A total of 7 DRP classification systems were selected and analyzed, consisting of the PCNE Version 6, 14 the 2004 and 2012 versions by Cipolle et al, 40,44 and the iMAP, 15 Norwegian, 16 DOCUMENT, 36 and Westerlund 58 systems ( Table 1) (Table 2). Focusing on the 38 studies that had chosen to use the system of Cipolle et al, more than half (55%, 21/38; Table 2) had had to make modifications to allow researchers to adequately describe their findings.…”

“…1,[10][11][12][13][15][16][17][18] The result has been the development of classification systems dissimilar to one another in terms of category size, type, and content, with lack of adoption of a universally accepted classification system, and consequent difficulty in comparing numbers and types of DRPs and their causes between studies. 1,9,16,17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] For example, categories identified as causes of DRPs have varied in number from six 39 to 37, 40 and the number of DRP cause subcategories have varied from nine 9 to 48. 12 As stated, there has also been variability in the definition of DRPs, and in categories identified as causes of DRPs or as DRPs themselves, 17,19,31,33,34,36,37,41,42 with some classification systems containing categories identified only as DRPs, …”

“…1,9,16,17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] For example, categories identified as causes of DRPs have varied in number from six 39 to 37, 40 and the number of DRP cause subcategories have varied from nine 9 to 48. 12 As stated, there has also been variability in the definition of DRPs, and in categories identified as causes of DRPs or as DRPs themselves, 17,19,31,33,34,36,37,41,42 with some classification systems containing categories identified only as DRPs, [9][10][11][12][13][15][16][17][18]43 whereas others contain categories identified as both causes of DRPs and DRPs. 1,14,…”

A web-based training program to support chronic kidney disease screening by community pharmacists

“…Given their training and accessibility, community pharmacists are well placed to play a key role in providing health promotion and screening services to the general population [1]. In Australia, pharmacists have successfully implemented, within their normal daily practice, many interventional programs such as for asthma management [2], home-based post discharge warfarin management [3], detecting and resolving drugrelated problems [4], and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk screening [5]. The delivery of these high-quality and evidence-based interventions provides pharmacists with an opportunity to improve overall consumer health outcomes [6].…”