Drug reprofiling history and potential therapies against Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Given the high whittling down rates, high costs, and moderate pace of new medication, revelation, and improvement, repurposing “old” drugs to treat typical and uncommon illnesses is progressively becoming an appealing proposition. Drug repurposing is the way toward utilizing existing medications in treating diseases other than the purposes they were initially designed for. Faced with scientific and economic challenges, the prospect of discovering new medication indications is enticing to the pharmaceutical sector. Medication repurposing can be used at various stages of drug development, although it has shown to be most promising when the drug has previously been tested for safety. We describe strategies of drug repurposing for Parkinson’s disease, which is a neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We also discuss the obstacles faced by the repurposing community and suggest new approaches to solve these challenges so that medicine repurposing can reach its full potential.

Are Therapies That Target α-Synuclein Effective at Halting Parkinson’s Disease Progression? A Systematic Review

“…Hence, the development and testing of a range of strategies to combat α-syn aggregation are cause for optimism, and it may transpire that a combinatory approach is most fruitful to halt disease progression. Furthermore, these novel disease-modifying therapies may be better exploited and more efficacious if used in combination with alternative therapeutic strategies (and mechanisms of action), such as the utilization of repurposed drugs [ 90 , 91 , 92 ].…”

“…Hence, the development and testing of a range of strategies to combat α-syn aggregation are cause for optimism, and it may transpire that a combinatory approach is most fruitful to halt disease progression. Furthermore, these novel disease-modifying therapies may be better exploited and more efficacious if used in combination with alternative therapeutic strategies (and mechanisms of action), such as the utilization of repurposed drugs [90][91][92]. However, a caveat remains for anti-α-syn therapy, and that is the need for an improved understanding of the physiological function of α-syn and how that becomes disrupted to evoke neurotoxicity and neuropathology since this will help direct therapeutic approaches.…”

Antineoplastics for treating Alzheimer's disease and dementia: Evidence from preclinical and observational studies

“…18,75 More than 30% of marketed drugs and vaccines approved by the FDA have undergone a drug repurposing strategy. [75][76][77] Drug repurposing involves primarily two-on-target and off-target -strategies that use theoretical/in silico-based/computational and activitybased/biological experimental approaches or a mix of both. [78][79][80][81][82] These strategies have been comprehensively covered in several recent publications, and readers may benefit from these references [ [78][79][80][81][82].…”

“…76,79,[96][97][98] There are several other examples of non-neurological, neurological, and antidepressant drugs that have been successfully repurposed for new indications from their original indication, such as aspirin, atomoxetine, bupropion, chlorpromazine, duloxetine, eflornithine, finasteride, fluoxetine, ketoconazole, mifepristone, milacipran, raloxifene, ropinirole, sibutramine, and others. 75,76,79,81,96,99 More information on the successful repurposing of these and other drugs has been covered extensively by different authors in several comprehensive reviews (see refs. [75,76,79,81,96,99] for further reading).…”

Molecular docking analysis of MCL-1 inhibitors for breast cancer management

“…Examples include antidepressant medications like bupropion and Dapoxetine, which have been successful in treating non-neurological indications like premature ejaculation and quitting smoking, respectively. Drugs like Duloxetine for stress urinary incontinence, Fluoxetine for premenstrual dysphoria, and the non-psychoactive medications Propecia and Minoxidil for hair loss have all been developed as a result of repurposing [ 11 ]. Thalidomide is currently used for treating multiple myeloma, demonstrating the success of repurposing in oncology.…”