Drug Repurposing for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Clinical Landscape

Hossain, Shahadat; Hami, Ithmam; Sawrav, Md. Sad Salabi; Rabbi, Md. Fazley; Saha, Otun; Bahadur, Newaz Mohammed

doi:10.15190/d.2020.18

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…Analysis of 198 high-quality complete genome of SARS-CoV-2 from Bangladesh revealed that the circulating strains are of many sub-lineages harboring the same ancestry as Wuhan virus, although their direct evolution from the reference Wuhan virus was not found. Two previous reports by Parvez et al [ 30 ] and Hasan et al [ 31 ] were consistent with our findings that the contributory strains in the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Bangladesh might be arising from the different regions of the world other than China. Besides, that majority of the Bangladeshi isolates were found to fall within the clade B belonging to L type (Supplementary Table ST2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

et al. 2021

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Along with intrinsic evolution, adaptation to selective pressure in new environments might have resulted in the circulatory SARS-CoV-2 strains in response to the geoenvironmental conditions of a country and the demographic profile of its population. With this target, the current study traced the evolutionary route and mutational frequency of 198 Bangladesh-originated SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences available in the GISAID platform over a period of 13 weeks as of 14 July 2020. The analyses were performed using MEGA X, Swiss Model Repository, Virus Pathogen Resource and Jalview visualization. Our analysis identified that majority of the circulating strains strikingly differ from both the reference genome and the first sequenced genome from Bangladesh. Mutations in nonspecific proteins (NSP2-3, NSP-12(RdRp), NSP-13(Helicase)), S-Spike, ORF3a, and N-Nucleocapsid protein were common in the circulating strains with varying degrees and the most unique mutations (UM) were found in NSP3 (UM-18). But no or limited changes were observed in NSP9, NSP11, Envelope protein (E) and accessory factors (NSP7a, ORF 6, ORF7b) suggesting the possible conserved functions of those proteins in SARS-CoV-2 propagation. However, along with D614G mutation, more than 20 different mutations in the Spike protein were detected basically in the S2 domain. Besides, mutations in SR-rich region of N protein and P323L in RDRP were also present. However, the mutation accumulation showed a significant association ( p = 0.003) with sex and age of the COVID-19-positive cases. So, identification of these mutational accumulation patterns may greatly facilitate vaccine development deciphering the age and the sex-dependent differential susceptibility to COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11262-021-01860-x.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

et al. 2021

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“…Other authors have reported cases of acute invasive fungal rhino-orbital mucormycosis 15 and cavitary pulmonary mucormycosis 5,16 in patients with COVID-19. Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 are at risk for healthcare-associated infections 17 , including candidemia, or bloodstream infections caused by Candida and other fungal diseases.…”

Section: Fungal Co-infections In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections

Bhatt

Agolli

Patel

et al. 2021

Discoveries (Craiova)

142

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Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis alpha, less CD4 interferon-gamma expression, and fewer CD4 and CD8 cells, which increase the susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. One such opportunistic fungal infection is mucormycosis. Initially, it was debated whether a person taking immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies will be at higher risk for COVID-19 or whether the immunosuppresive state would cause a more severe COVID-19 disease. However, immunosuppressants are currently continued unless the patients are at greater risk of severe COVID-19 infection or are on high-dose corticosteroids therapy. As understood so far, COVID-19 infection may induce significant and persistent lymphopenia, which in turn increases the risk of opportunistic infections. It is also noted that 85% of the COVID-19 patients’ laboratory findings showed lymphopenia. This means that patients with severe COVID-19 have markedly lower absolute number of T lymphocytes, CD4+T and CD8+ T cells and, since the lymphocytes play a major role in maintaining the immune homeostasis, the patients with COVID-19 are highly susceptible to fungal co-infections. This report is intended to raise awareness of the importance of early detection and treatment of mucormycosis and other fungal diseases, such as candidiasis, SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and cryptococcal disease, in COVID-19 patients, to reduce the risk of mortality.

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“…Social distancing might be necessary to contain these deadly pathogens, but it comes with panic and socio-economic collapse [33]. However, considering vaccination, pandemic control measures and re-emergence of new variants, the global economic activity might reduce to 4% in 2021 and 3.8% in 2022 or to the darker side, might face downfall with below potential growth by 2022 if the situation getting worsen [34,35]. Besides, due to lockdown and other restrictions, mental health would wither away mainly because of unemployment which may also lead to crime, burglary, fraud business.…”

Section: 2possible Social Complications Of These Outbreaks In Near Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Affording medical care would be difficult for low-income people, while avian influenza outbreak would cull domestic birds and disrupt the food supply chain (Figure 2). So, the mortality and morbidity rate would increase not only due to diseases but also due to malnutrition-associated complexities [34,35]. The World would face severe poverty, which is also currently evident with the COVID-19 outbreak [36].…”

Section: 2possible Social Complications Of These Outbreaks In Near Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black fungi) around the World in 2021: Priorities for Achieving Control with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact

Khan¹,

Nt²,

Nn³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Concurrent waves of Coronavirus disease, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza A and black fungus are jeopardizing the lives in some parts of Africa and Asia. From this point of view, this review aims to summarize both socio-economic and public health implications of these parallel outbreaks along with their best possible management approaches. Various online databases were used to collect the necessary information regarding these outbreaks. Based on the reports published and analyses done so far, the long-lasting damages caused by these simultaneous outbreaks on global socio-economical and public health status can be conceived from the past experiences of outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, prolonged restrictions by the local government may lead to food insecurity, global recession, and an enormous impact on the mental health of people of all ages, specifically in developing countries. Such overwhelming effects already have been reported to be declining national growth of the economy as well as increasing political insecurity and shortage of basic needs. Although various actions have already been taken including vaccination, clinical management, and further research, social distancing, and lockdown, etc. to improve the situation, the emerging variants and associated genetic mutations may make the containment difficult worsening the situation again. Considering the current mutational dynamics of the pathogens and the past experiences, perpetual preparedness along with updated clinical management backed by epidemiological studies and innovating scientific effort are inevitable to combat the simultaneous waves of multiple infectious diseases.

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Drug Repurposing for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Clinical Landscape

Cited by 21 publications

References 72 publications

Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections

Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black fungi) around the World in 2021: Priorities for Achieving Control with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact

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