DRUG REPURPOSING—Overcoming the translational hurdles to clinical use

Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders

“…Investigational drug molecules which have failed to show the efficacy for their predetermined indications also have chances to their efficacy for new indication ( Parvathaneni et al., 2019 ; Pushpakom et al., 2019 ). This strategy of utilizing already approved or investigational drug molecules for new indications is known as drug repurposing/repositioning/re-profiling ( Martin and Bowden, 2019 ).…”

Precision medicine‐based drug treatment individualization in oncology

“…cancer chemotherapy, clinical pharmacology, health economics, precision medicine, therapeutic drug monitoring Jennifer H. Martin 1,3 Ian Olver 2,3 1…”

“…To scientists, precision medicine can mean either developing a new molecule to fit a specific target or cell of interest, or “finding” based on mathematical and chemical profiling existing drugs that might “fit” the target of interest 1 . However, this focus on “targets” as the method to improve precision has seemingly ignored the well‐known principles of radiobiology, cancer biology, and pharmacology and has not delivered the improved health outcomes expected 2 .…”

“…To scientists, precision medicine can mean either developing a new molecule to fit a specific target or cell of interest, or "finding" based on mathematical and chemical profiling existing drugs that might "fit" the target of interest. 1 However, this focus on "targets" as the method to improve precision has seemingly ignored the wellknown principles of radiobiology, cancer biology, and pharmacology and has not delivered the improved health outcomes expected. 2 Similarly, since 2015, US and other government's multi-billion-dollar investments into "precision" drugs delivering the right treatments, at the right time, every time to the right person whilst helpful to understand some aspects of disease pathophysiology, has also fuelled this single target focus.…”

Experimental pharmacology in precision medicine

“…Precision Medicine is a nebulous term, with scientific definitions including genetic code mutations, the expression of which can be altered by the use of a specifically developed therapeutic, the development of new molecules to bind a specific ‘target’ or cell, ligand of interest, a serendipitous ‘finding’ based on mathematical and chemical profiling, or use of existing drugs knowledge of which suggests they may bind a new target of interest 20,21 . Clinicians, however, tend to understand precision medicine as the following: right decision (treat or not, use therapeutic or non‐therapeutic); right therapeutic; right combination; right timing; and right dose for an individual patient.…”