Drug residues in food animals. I. Plasma and tissue kinetics of chloramphenicol in young cross‐bred swine

Mercer, H. Dwight; Heath, George E.; Long, Patricia E.; Showalter, D. H.; Powers, Thomas F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00301.x

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This is in agreement with Mercer et al (1978) and Rao & Clarenburg (1977). This is in agreement with Mercer et al (1978) and Rao & Clarenburg (1977).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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The Disposition of Chloramphenicol in Colostrum‐Fed and Colostrum‐Deprived Newborn Pigs

Martin

Wiese

1988

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol (CAP) were studied in four colostrum-deprived and 4 colostrum-fed newborn piglets after an intravenous bolus dose of CAP, 77 mumol kg-1 (25 mg kg-1). The elimination half-lives in the colostrum deprived piglets had a tendency to be longer (17.2 +/- 3.9 hrs) than in the colostrum-fed piglets (12.7 +/- 1.1 hrs) and in both groups they were considerably longer than reported in older pigs. The long half-lives of CAP in the newborn pigs were a reflexion of very low clearance (Cl) values, 0.0391 +/- 0.007 and 0.0512 +/- 0.007 1 kg-1 hr-1, in the two groups, while the volume of distribution was of the same size in the two groups, 0.9549 +/- 0.247 and 0.9411 +/- 0.211 1 kg-1. The protein binding of CAP in pooled piglet plasma was concentration dependent, 53-45%, (P less than 0.001) in the concentration range 31-232 microM (10-75 micrograms ml-1) and the binding degree was significantly higher in plasma from colostrum deprived piglets, 53.0 +/- 0.8% compared to plasma from colostrum fed, 47.5 +/- 1.3% (P less than 0.01).

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“…This is in agreement with Mercer et al (1978) and Rao & Clarenburg (1977). This is in agreement with Mercer et al (1978) and Rao & Clarenburg (1977).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The long elimination half-life of CAP in the newborns was a result of a reduced total CI while the volume of distribution was of the same order compared to older pigs (Davis et al 1972;Svendsen 1976;Mercer et al 1978). The major route of elimination of CAP is formation of an inactive glucuronide by hepatic metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Disposition of Chloramphenicol in Colostrum‐Fed and Colostrum‐Deprived Newborn Pigs

Martin

Wiese

1988

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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“…Direct comparison with data from literature is not possible. In those studies only time intervals up to 24 h were investigated, so the terminal phase of elimination was never included (Davis et al, 1972;Sisodia et al, 1973;Mercer et al, 1978;Nouws & Ziv, 1979;Reiche, 1979;van der Lee et al, 1982;Anderson et al, 1983;Brumbaugh et al, 1983;Boertz et al, 1985;Tanner & Wuethrich, 1985). The fluctuation of concentrations between 60 and 90 min after application noted in many of the cited studies, is attributed to enterohepatic circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in plasma and saliva of dairy cows

Dotter¹,

Kroker²,

Arnold³

1990

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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In the present study the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol were investigated in bovine plasma and saliva. The method of detection of chloramphenicol, a radio-immunoassay, requires only small sample volumes, no further clean-up, and a large number of samples can be processed simultaneously. This enabled the collection of a larger number of samples over a longer period of time than in previous studies. The intention was to obtain a complete pharmacokinetic profile of chloramphenicol, to evaluate it according to common open-compartment models, and to compare it with the results of previous studies. The radio-immunoassay results were confirmed by analysing a number of samples distributed over the concentration range of interest by a gas-chromatographic method with electron-capture detection. The suitability of saliva was evaluated as a possible means of monitoring compliance with the ban on chloramphenicol in the Federal Republic of Germany in milk-producing animals.

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“…A longer half-life (2.6 ± 1 hour) was reported for 12-to 16-week-old crossbred pigs (20-40 kg b.w.) treated with the same dose by the same route (Mercer et al, 1978). The effects of diet composition on the oral bioavailability of chloramphenicol palmitate was studied in 6.5-monthold Large White pigs.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Martin and Wiese, 1988). In the cited experiment of Mercer et al (1978), in which pigs were subjected to a single i.v. dosing (22 mg chloramphenicol/kg b.w.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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Drug residues in food animals. I. Plasma and tissue kinetics of chloramphenicol in young cross‐bred swine

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

The Disposition of Chloramphenicol in Colostrum‐Fed and Colostrum‐Deprived Newborn Pigs

The Disposition of Chloramphenicol in Colostrum‐Fed and Colostrum‐Deprived Newborn Pigs

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in plasma and saliva of dairy cows

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

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