Drug trafficking and the security of the state: A case study of Pakistan

Chandran, D. Suba

doi:10.1080/09700169808458862

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Officials in Pakistan also have a long history of exploiting the drug trade. For decades, the Pakistani security establishment (law enforcement and military) has benefited financially from narcotics, regularly distributing opium, heroin, and other drugs, primarily imported from Afghanistan, to bankroll operations and for personal enrichment (Chandran, 1998). Pakistani law enforcement officials have "Direct involvement and protection of drug-related activities (involves kickbacks paid to senior officers to continue working in high drug-producing areas)" (Malik & Qureshi, 2021, pp.…”

Section: Foreign Drug Enforcement Assistance To Fulfill Narcotics Con...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incentivizing Narcotics Control Through China’s Belt and Road Initiative in South and Southeast Asia

Wang,

Lassi

2023

Journal of Developing Societies

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The production and distribution of narcotics in many states in South and Southeast Asia present significant challenges for China. Several of these states receive foreign investments and assistance through China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including a division of the BRI called the Health Silk Road (HSR). China has an opportunity to motivate these states to strengthen their narcotics control measures by adding conditionality clauses in the BRI/HSR investment agreements with these states. The suggested clauses could mandate measures such as improving drug enforcement, decommissioning production sites and distributors, increasing harm reduction and rehabilitation services, and establishing citizen complaint systems for narcotics issues. To ensure compliance, disincentives should be activated for states failing to meet narcotics control conditions.

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Section: Foreign Drug Enforcement Assistance To Fulfill Narcotics Con...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incentivizing Narcotics Control Through China’s Belt and Road Initiative in South and Southeast Asia

Wang,

Lassi

2023

Journal of Developing Societies

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“…190 Laos also has an extremely high rate of domestic opium abuse, which has fostered production and trafficking and contributed to the country's instability and poverty. 191 The authoritarian regime of Laos has resisted the flood of political dissent that has plagued neighboring Cambodia, but recent pro-democracy attacks have led to growing instability.…”

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confidence: 99%