Drug Use and the Risk of Major Depressive Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, and Substance Use Disorders

Brook, David W.; Brook, Judith S.; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia; Whiteman, Martin

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.1039

Cited by 452 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A sib-pair study showed that the personality construct 'reward dependence' has trait-like characteristics related to the familiality of major depression (Farmer et al, 2003). Given the extensive evidence for associations between impairments of brain reward pathways and addiction (Nestler et al, 2002), familial coaggregation and lifetime comorbidity of substance use disorders and MDD (Kendler et al, 1997;Brook et al, 2002) also suggest persistent familial abnormalities of brain reward pathways in MDD.…”

Section: Anhedonia (Impaired Reward Function)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering Endophenotypes for Major Depression

Hasler

Drevets

Manji

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

1,026

739

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The limited success of genetic studies of major depression has raised questions concerning the definition of genetically relevant phenotypes. This paper presents strategies to improve the phenotypic definition of major depression by proposing endophenotypes at two levels: First, dissecting the depressive phenotype into key components results in narrow definitions of putative psychopathological endophenotypes: mood bias toward negative emotions, impaired reward function, impaired learning and memory, neurovegetative signs, impaired diurnal variation, impaired executive cognitive function, psychomotor change, and increased stress sensitivity. A review of the recent literature on neurobiological and genetic findings associated with these components is given. Second, the most consistent heritable biological markers of major depression are proposed as biological endophenotypes for genetic studies: REM sleep abnormalities, functional and structural brain abnormalities, dysfunctions in serotonergic, catecholaminergic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and CRH systems, and intracellular signal transduction endophenotypes. The associations among the psychopathological and biological endophenotypes are discussed with respect to specificity, temporal stability, heritability, familiality, and clinical and biological plausibility. Finally, the case is made for the development of a new classification system in order to reduce the heterogeneity of depression representing a major impediment to elucidating the genetic and neurobiological basis of this common, severe, and often life-threatening illness.

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Section: Anhedonia (Impaired Reward Function)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering Endophenotypes for Major Depression

Hasler

Drevets

Manji

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

1,026

739

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“…Other studies found illicit drug use in youth to be associated with poorer psychosocial functioning, including externalizing and internalizing symptoms (D"Amico et al, 2008;Fergusson et al, 2002). Earlier onset of drug use is particularly predictive of long-term impairments (Brook et al, 2002;Horwood et al, 2010). However, findings from prospective studies have not been completely consistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent illicit drug use and subsequent academic and psychosocial adjustment: An examination of socially-mediated pathways

Brière

Fallu

Morizot

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background. Questions remain regarding the consequences of illicit drug use on adolescent adjustment and the nature of mechanisms that may explain these consequences. In this study, we examined whether early-onset illicit drug use predicts subsequent academic and psychosocial adjustment and whether associations are socially-mediated by decreased school engagement and increased peer deviancy.Method. 4885 adolescents were followed throughout secondary school. We used regressions to determine whether illicit drug use in grade 7 predicted academic achievement, school dropout, depressive symptoms, and conduct problems in grades 10-11, adjusting for potential confounders.We used path analysis to test whether significant associations were mediated by school engagement and peer deviancy in grade 8.Results. Illicit drug use predicted conduct problems and school dropout, but not academic achievement and depressive symptoms. The association between illicit drug use and conduct problems was fully mediated by increased peer deviancy. The association between illicit drug use and school dropout was partially mediated by increased peer deviancy, but remained mostly direct. No indirect association via decreased school engagement was found. Examination of reverse pathways revealed that conduct problems and academic achievement in grade 7 predicted drug use in grades 10-11. These associations were mediated by peer deviancy and school engagement (conduct problems only).Conclusion. Adolescent illicit drug use influences the risk of school dropout and conduct problems in part by contributing to deviant peer affiliation. Reciprocal social mediation characterizes the association between drug use and conduct problems. A reverse mechanism best explains the association with academic achievement.

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“…When broken down by each time frame, however, they found that tobacco use prior to the early 20s (adolescence and earlier) predicted major depression in the late 20s, while tobacco use in the early 20s did not predict major depression in the late 20s. 25 They also found that tobacco use in late adolescence predicted major depression in the early 20s. 21 They concluded that these findings may suggest that there is a critical period for the adverse influence of tobacco use on later major depressive disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Researchers found that most of the studies found positive associations between smoking and depression in adjusted or unadjusted analysis, 13,14,[20][21][22][23][24][25] while there was also some evidence for not finding cumulative frequency of early tobacco smoking related to later mental illness after adjusting for confounding factors or inconclusive results. 25,26 The evidence for whether cigarette smoking is a precursor of later depression as detected using data from longitudinal studies remains inconclusive. 12,27 For example, using a predominantly White sample from upstate New York followed up from 14, 16, 22 to 27 years of age, Brook et al found-after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, childhood aggression, prior mental illness, and substance use disorders-that the cumulative frequency of tobacco use during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood (age 22) was not associated with the risk for episodes of major depressive disorder at age 27.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term Effects of Adolescent Smoking on Depression and Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood in an Urban African American Cohort

2013

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Despite known adverse causal effects of cigarette smoking on mental health, findings for the effects of adolescent cigarette smoking on later depression and socioeconomic status remain inconclusive. Previous studies have had shorter followup periods and did not have a representative portion of the African American population. Using an analytical method that matches adolescent smokers with nonsmokers on childhood and background variables, this study aims to provide evidence on the effects of adolescent regular smoking on adult depression and socioeconomic status. Our longitudinal study is from the Woodlawn Study that followed 1,242 African Americans in Chicago from 1966-1967 (at age 6-7) through 2002-2003 (at age 42-43). We used a propensity score matching method to find a regular and a non-regular adolescent smoking group with similar childhood socioeconomic and family background and first grade academic and behavioral performance. We compared the matched samples to assess the longitudinal effects of adolescent smoking on adult outcomes. Comparing the matched 199 adolescent regular smokers and 199 non-regular smokers, we found statistical support for the effects of adolescent cigarette smoking on later educational attainment (OR, 2.13; 95 % CI, 1.34, 3.39) and long-term unemployment (OR, 1.74; 95 % CI, 1.11, 2.75), but did not find support for the effects on adulthood major depressive disorders. With a community population of urban African Americans followed for 40 years, our study contributes to the understanding of the relationships between adolescent smoking and later educational attainment and employment.

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Drug Use and the Risk of Major Depressive Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, and Substance Use Disorders

Abstract: Our results suggest that early drug use is associated with and predicts later psychiatric disorders. Preventive implications stem from the importance of studying a range of psychiatric disorders in the context of substance use assessed over a wide age range.

Cited by 452 publications

References 40 publications

Discovering Endophenotypes for Major Depression

Discovering Endophenotypes for Major Depression

Adolescent illicit drug use and subsequent academic and psychosocial adjustment: An examination of socially-mediated pathways

Long-term Effects of Adolescent Smoking on Depression and Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood in an Urban African American Cohort

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