Drugs and Alcohol Found in Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatalities from 2004–2008

Canfield, Dennis V.; Dubowski, Kurt M.; Chaturvedi, Arvind; Whinnery, James E.

doi:10.3357/asem.3306.2012

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…The current human subject study was conducted with subjects dosed with diphenhydramine because it is the most commonly found impairing medication in pilot fatalities involved in aviation accidents (6%) ( 2 ). This study identifi ed some individuals with concentrations substantially above impairing concentrations even after waiting 8 h (2 3 dosing interval), and the subject would have taken approximately 12 h (3 3 dosing interval) to reach half the impairing concentration of the medication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Equation for Calculating the Maximum Wait Time for Pilots Who Use an Impairing Medication

Canfield¹,

Berry²,

Whinnery³

et al. 2014

aviat space environ med

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Equation for Calculating the Maximum Wait Time for Pilots Who Use an Impairing Medication

Canfield¹,

Berry²,

Whinnery³

et al. 2014

aviat space environ med

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“…For example, Americans required a prescription for non-sedating antihistamines for considerably longer than all other countries, despite safety benefits over sedating antihistamines [33], which have long been non-prescription. Sedating antihistamines have been associated with work-place, car, and aviation accidents [34]. Dutch women with vaginal candidiasis required a prescription for vaginal antifungals until 2011, 21 years later than in the US and NZ, with potentially unnecessary doctor workload, higher costs for the health funder, and prolonged discomfort and inconvenience for women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widening Consumer Access to Medicines through Switching Medicines to Non-Prescription: A Six Country Comparison

et al. 2014

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BackgroundSwitching or reclassifying medicines with established safety profiles from prescription to non-prescription aims to increase timely consumer access to medicines, reduce under-treatment and enhance self-management. However, risks include suboptimal therapy and adverse effects. With a long-standing government policy supporting switching or reclassifying medicines from prescription to non-prescription, the United Kingdom is believed to lead the world in switch, but evidence for this is inconclusive. Interest in switching medicines for certain long-term conditions has arisen in the United Kingdom, United States, and Europe, but such switches have been contentious. The objective of this study was then to provide a comprehensive comparison of progress in switch for medicines across six developed countries: the United States; the United Kingdom; Australia; Japan; the Netherlands; and New Zealand.MethodsA list of prescription-to-non-prescription medicine switches was systematically compiled. Three measures were used to compare switch activity across the countries: “progressive” switches from 2003 to 2013 (indicating incremental consumer benefit over current non-prescription medicines); “first-in-world” switches from 2003 to 2013; and switch date comparisons for selected medicines.ResultsNew Zealand was the most active in progressive switches from 2003 to 2013, with the United Kingdom and Japan not far behind. The United States, Australia and the Netherlands showed the least activity in this period. Few medicines for long-term conditions were switched, even in the United Kingdom and New Zealand where first-in-world switches were most likely. Switch of certain medicines took considerably longer in some countries than others. For example, a consumer in the United Kingdom could self-medicate with a non-sedating antihistamine 19 years earlier than a consumer in the United States.ConclusionProactivity in medicines switching, most notably in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, questions missed opportunities to enhance consumers' self-management in countries such as the United States.

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“…Drug and alcohol misuse by air tour pilots poses a threat to the safety of patrons. In a study of 1353 civil pilots involved in fatal aviation crashes from 2004 through 2008, 507 (37%) tested positive for drugs and 92 (7%) were above the FAA’s 0.04 g · dl −1 cutoff for ethanol (8). The majority (89%) of the pilots who died during the study period were flying under Part 91 and these pilots contributed 90% of the positive drug tests (8).…”

Section: Summary Of Adequacy Of Responses and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study of 1353 civil pilots involved in fatal aviation crashes from 2004 through 2008, 507 (37%) tested positive for drugs and 92 (7%) were above the FAA’s 0.04 g · dl −1 cutoff for ethanol (8). The majority (89%) of the pilots who died during the study period were flying under Part 91 and these pilots contributed 90% of the positive drug tests (8). Of the 92 pilots who tested positive for ethanol, most (86, 93%) were flying under Part 91 (8).…”

Section: Summary Of Adequacy Of Responses and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority (89%) of the pilots who died during the study period were flying under Part 91 and these pilots contributed 90% of the positive drug tests (8). Of the 92 pilots who tested positive for ethanol, most (86, 93%) were flying under Part 91 (8). These results are similar to studies from previous periods (7, 9, 10).…”

Section: Summary Of Adequacy Of Responses and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The U.S. Commercial Air Tour Industry: A Review of Aviation Safety Concerns

Ballard

2014

aviat space environ med

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The U.S. Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations defines commercial air tours as “flight[s] conducted for compensation or hire in an airplane or helicopter where a purpose of the flight is sightseeing.” The incidence of air tour crashes in the United States is disproportionately high relative to similar commercial aviation operations, and air tours operating under Part 91 governance crash significantly more than those governed by Part 135. This paper reviews the government and industry response to four specific areas of air tour safety concern: surveillance of flight operations, pilot factors, regulatory standardization, and maintenance quality assurance. It concludes that the government and industry have successfully addressed many of these tenet issues, most notably by: advancing the operations surveillance infrastructure through implementation of en route, ground-based, and technological surveillance methods; developing Aeronautical Decision Making and cue-based training programs for air tour pilots; consolidating federal air tour regulations under Part 136; and developing public-private partnerships for raising maintenance operating standards and improving quality assurance programs. However, opportunities remain to improve air tour safety by: increasing the number and efficiency of flight surveillance programs; addressing pilot fatigue with more restrictive flight hour limitations for air tour pilots; ensuring widespread uptake of maintenance quality assurance programs, especially among high-risk operators not currently affiliated with private air tour safety programs; and eliminating the 25-mile exception allowing Part 91 operators to conduct commercial air tours without the safety oversight required of Part 135 operators.

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Drugs and Alcohol Found in Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatalities from 2004–2008

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

A New Equation for Calculating the Maximum Wait Time for Pilots Who Use an Impairing Medication

A New Equation for Calculating the Maximum Wait Time for Pilots Who Use an Impairing Medication

Widening Consumer Access to Medicines through Switching Medicines to Non-Prescription: A Six Country Comparison

The U.S. Commercial Air Tour Industry: A Review of Aviation Safety Concerns

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