Drugs in the environment

Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Halling-Sørensen, Bent

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00438-5

Cited by 406 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Antibiotic compounds represent one of the largest concerns as it is believed that their presence will lead to antibacterial resistances in bacteria present in the environment and in biological wastewater treatment (activated sludge) (Andersson 2003;Costanzo et al 2005;Daughton 2003;Daughton and Ternes 1999;Goni-Urriza et al 2000;Jorgensen and Halling-Sorensen 2000;Reinthaler et al 2003;Volkmann et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria

Larcher

Yargeau

2011

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

151

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Antibiotic compounds, like sulfamethoxazole (SMX), have become a concern in the aquatic environment due to the potential development of antibacterial resistances. Due to excretion and disposal, SMX has been frequently detected in wastewaters and surface waters. SMX removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) ranges from 0% to 90%, and there are opposing results regarding its biodegradability at lab scale. The objective of this research was to determine the ability of pure cultures of individual and mixed consortia of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus rhodocrous, and Rhodococcus zopfii) known to exist in WWTP activated sludge to remove SMX. Results showed that R. equi alone had the greatest ability to remove SMX leading to 29% removal (with glucose) and the formation of a metabolite. Degradation pathways and metabolite structures have been proposed based on the potential enzymes produced by R. equi. When R. equi was mixed with other microorganisms, a positive synergistic effect was not observed and the maximum SMX removal achieved was 5%. This indicates that pure culture results cannot be extrapolated to mixed culture conditions, and the methodology developed here to study the biodegradability of compounds under controlled mixed culture conditions offers an alternative to conventional studies using pure bacterial cultures or inocula from activated sludge sources consisting of unknown and variable microbial populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria

Larcher

Yargeau

2011

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

151

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“…Only a fraction of the ingested antibiotics is metabolized in the animals, hence a large percentage of the antibiotics are excreted and released into the environment e.g. via manure and sludge used as fertilizer on fields or effluent from aquaculture (Jørgensen and Halling-Sørensen, 2000). Therefore, residual concentrations of pharmaceutical antibiotics can be found in soils, surface and ground water (Hamscher et al, 2002;Kolpin et al, 2002;Simon, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline and Cu influence functional diversity of the soil microbial community

Kong

Zhu

et al. 2006

Environmental Pollution

219

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Oxytetracycline reduces the functional diversity of soil microbial community, and the combination of Cu and oxytetracycline leads to a further reduction. AbstractThere are increasing concerns over the effects of veterinary antibiotics and heavy metals in agricultural soils. The widely used veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC), Cu and their combination on soil microbial community function were assessed with the Biolog method. The microbial community was extracted from the soil and exposed to a 0.85% sodium chloride solution containing OTC (0, 1, 5, 11, 43, 109 and 217 mM), or Cu (0, 10, 20, 100 and 300 mM), or combination of the two pollutants (OTC 0, 5, 11 mM and Cu 0, 20 mM). Functional diversity, evenness, average well color development (AWCD) and substrate utilization decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of OTC or Cu ( p < 0.005). The critical concentrations were 11 mM for OTC and 20 mM for Cu. The combination of OTC and Cu significantly decreased Shannon's diversity, evenness and utilization of carbohydrates and carboxylic acids compared to individual one of the contaminants. The antibiotic OTC and Cu had significant negative effects on soil microbial community function, particularly when both pollutants were present.

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“…2,3 Pharmaceutical compounds can be found in low concentrations in surface waters, however their effects on aquatic ecosystems are already acknowledged. [4][5][6] On the other hand, the effects of pharmaceuticals on human health are still controversial and mainly dependent on their therapeutical classes. Special concern is devoted to antibiotics due to their ability to induce bacterial resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

et al. 2017

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Due to its low cost, its capability for disinfection and oxidation, chlorination using gaseous chlorine or hypochlorite salts, has also been commonly applied in water treatment plants for oxidation and disinfection purposes. Little is known about the identity and toxicity of by-products resulting from the chlorination of pharmaceutical micropollutants, such as enalapril (ENA) and ranitidine (RAN). ENA and RAN chlorination by-products were characterized in this study by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) and their toxicity were assessed by MTT assay. Chlorination experiments with ENA and RAN solutions (10 mg L -1 ) indicate degradation efficiencies of 100% for both compounds after only 5 min of exposure to chlorine at concentration of 9.53 mg Cl 2 L -1. On the other hand mineralization rates were lower than 3%, thereby indicating there was accumulation of degradation by-products in all experiments. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed, at all times of reaction after the addition of hypochlorite, the presence of 1-(2-((4-(chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (enalapril by-product) and N-chloro-N-(2-(((chloro-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)ethyl)-N-methyl-2-nitroethene 1,1-diamine (ranitidine by-product). Despite the formation of oxidized chlorinated by-products in all chlorination assays, the treated solutions were nontoxic to HepG2 cells by the MTT assay. It has been observed that chlorination (10 mg L -1 , 5 min) of ENA and RAN solutions exhibited high degradation efficiencies of the target compounds and low mineralization rates. Based on the mass spectrometry data, the routes for ENA and RAN successive oxidation by chlorine has been proposed.

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Drugs in the environment

Cited by 406 publications

References 28 publications

Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria

Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria

The veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline and Cu influence functional diversity of the soil microbial community

Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

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