Drugs of abuse and HIV—a perspective

Ansari, Aftab A.

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.006

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The adverse effects of HIV on the underlying metabolism of the brain were augmented by chronic alcohol abuse, eventually causing parenchymal loss, more prominent in the white matter (35). Also, overall immune suppression by HIV can be further exacerbated by drugs of abuse (36). Multiple drugs of abuse can prevent T-cell activation, further compromising the immune system in the context of underlying HIV infection and putting the patient at higher risk for a variety of infections as well as malignancies (36).…”

Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Brain on Drugs: Imaging of Drug-related Changes in the Central Nervous System

Tamrazi¹,

Almast²

2012

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Drug abuse is a substantial problem in society today and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Various drugs are associated with serious complications affecting the brain, and it is critical to recognize the imaging findings of these complications to provide prompt medical management. The central nervous system (CNS) is a target organ for drugs of abuse as well as specific prescribed medications. Drugs of abuse affecting the CNS include cocaine, heroin, alcohol, amphetamines, toluene, and cannabis. Prescribed medications or medical therapies that can affect the CNS include immunosuppressants, antiepileptics, nitrous oxide, and total parenteral nutrition. The CNS complications of these drugs include neurovascular complications, encephalopathy, atrophy, infection, changes in the corpus callosum, and other miscellaneous changes. Imaging abnormalities indicative of these complications can be appreciated at both magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT). It is critical for radiologists to recognize complications related to drugs of abuse as well as iatrogenic effects of various medications. Therefore, diagnostic imaging modalities such as MR imaging and CT can play a pivotal role in the recognition and timely management of drug-related complications in the CNS.

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Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Brain on Drugs: Imaging of Drug-related Changes in the Central Nervous System

Tamrazi¹,

Almast²

2012

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“…As discussed in Donahoe (2004) and Ansari (2004), such studies are confounded by a number of factors. One difficulty in such studies is obtaining a representative sample population.…”

Section: How Do Opiates Influence Hiv/aids Disease Progression?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphine and Rapid Disease Progression in Nonhuman Primate Model of AIDS: Inverse Correlation Between Disease Progression and Virus Evolution

Rivera‐Amill

Silverstein

Noel

et al. 2009

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

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HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have a formidable capacity for mutation and adaptation, a characteristic that has contributed to the extensive genetic variability. Evolutionary pressures imposed within the host and the viral capacity to mutate lead to the generation of such variants. To date, very little information is available regarding the evolution of HIV with drug abuse as a cofounding factor. Using our macaque model of drug dependency and AIDS, we have investigated the dynamics of SIV mutations in the genes tat, vpr, envelope, and nef. The results presented in this review, from our laboratory and others, contribute to the overall understanding of how drugs of abuse might influence immune selective pressure contribution to variation in different SIV genes. Additionally, the studies presented could help enlighten the development of HIV vaccines that take into consideration viral diversity.

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“…Combined HIV infection and opiate dependence is a common problem, with estimates that drug abuse may be the second leading method of HIV transmission in the United States (Gayle, 2000). Thus, the interaction of the two leads to questions concerning the effects of drugs of abuse on disease severity and rate of progression (Ansari, 2004; Donahoe, 2004; Kapadia et al, 2005). Morphine has been found to influence both innate and adaptive immunity (Roy and Loh, 1996; Sharp et al, 1998) via opioid receptors on immune cells (McCarthy et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Opiate Dependence and Neuro-AIDS: Longitudinal Assessment of Auditory Brainstem Responses and Visual Evoked Potentials

Riazi

Marcario

Samson

et al. 2009

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

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Our work characterizes the effects of opiate (morphine) dependence on auditory brainstem and visual evoked responses in a rhesus macaque model of neuro-AIDS utilizing a chronic continuous drug delivery paradigm. The goal of this study was to clarify whether morphine is protective, or if it exacerbates simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) related systemic and neurological disease. Our model employs a macrophage tropic CD4/CCR5 co-receptor virus, SIVmac239 (R71/E17), which crosses the blood brain barrier shortly after inoculation and closely mimics the natural disease course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The cohort was divided into 3 groups: morphine only, SIV only, and SIV + morphine. Evoked potential (EP) abnormalities in sub-clinically infected macaques were evident as early as eight weeks post-inoculation. Prolongations in EP latencies were observed in SIV-infected macaques across all modalities. Animals with the highest CSF viral loads and clinical disease showed more abnormalities than those with sub-clinical disease, confirming our previous work (Raymond et al, 1998, 1999, 2000). Although some differences were observed in auditory and visual evoked potentials in morphine treated compared to untreated SIV-infected animals, the effects were relatively small and not consistent across evoked potential type. However, morphine treated animals with subclinical disease had a clear tendency toward higher virus loads in peripheral and CNS tissues (Marcario et al., 2008) suggesting that if had been possible to follow all animals to end-stage disease, a clearer pattern of evoked potential abnormality might have emerged.

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Drugs of abuse and HIV—a perspective

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Your Brain on Drugs: Imaging of Drug-related Changes in the Central Nervous System

Your Brain on Drugs: Imaging of Drug-related Changes in the Central Nervous System

Morphine and Rapid Disease Progression in Nonhuman Primate Model of AIDS: Inverse Correlation Between Disease Progression and Virus Evolution

Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Opiate Dependence and Neuro-AIDS: Longitudinal Assessment of Auditory Brainstem Responses and Visual Evoked Potentials

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