Drugs on the web; the Psychonaut 2002 EU project

Schifano, Fabrizio; Deluca, Paolo; Baldacchino, Alex; Peltoniemi, Teuvo; Scherbaum, Norbert; Torrens, Marta; Farré, Mercè; Irene, Flores; Rossi, Mariangela; Eastwood, Dorte; Guionnet, Claude; Rawaf, Salman; Agosti, Lisa; Furia, Lucia Di; Raffaella, Brigada; Majava, Aino; Siemann, Holger; Leoni, Mauro; Tomasin, Antonella; Rovetto, Francesco; Ghodse, A. Hamid

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.035

Cited by 90 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[20,21] This information includes instructions on how to crush, separate, purify and chemically alter specific formulations to allow changes in dosage, route of administration and time course of drug concentrations and effects. Successful manipulation methods that have widespread appeal evolve into "recipes" and become archived on websites that support recreational drug use.…”

Section: Methods Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

Gąsior

Bond

Malamut

2015

Postgraduate Medicine

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Prescription opioid analgesics are an important treatment option for patients with chronic pain; however, misuse, abuse and diversion of these medications are a major global public health concern. Prescription opioid analgesics can be abused via intended and non-intended routes of administration, both intact or after manipulation of the original formulation to alter the drug-delivery characteristics. Available data indicate that ingestion (with or without manipulation of the prescribed formulation) is the most prevalent route of abuse, followed by inhalation (snorting, smoking and vaping) and injection. However, reported routes of abuse vary considerably between different formulations. A number of factors have been identified that appear to be associated with non-oral routes of abuse, including a longer duration of abuse, younger age, male sex and a rural or socially deprived location. The development of abuse-deterrent formulations of prescription opioid analgesics is an important step toward reducing abuse of these medications. Available abuse-deterrent formulations aim to hinder extraction of the active ingredient, prevent administration through alternative routes and/or make abuse of the manipulated product less attractive, less rewarding or even aversive. There are currently five opioid analgesics with a Food and Drug Administration abuse-deterrent label, and a number of other products are under review. A growing body of evidence suggests that introduction of abuse-deterrent opioid analgesics in the USA has been associated with decreased rates of abuse of these formulations. The availability of abuse-deterrent formulations therefore appears to represent an important step toward curbing the epidemic of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics, while ensuring the availability of effective pain medications for patients with legitimate medical need.

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Section: Methods Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

Gąsior

Bond

Malamut

2015

Postgraduate Medicine

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“…Por otro lado, grupos como el Psychonaut Web Mapping Project, dedicado a la búsqueda de nuevos productos psicótro-pos comercializados a través de internet y de nuevas tendencias y combinaciones de consumo, mediante el rastreo de páginas webs, tiendas on-line, foros de usuarios e incluso páginas como YouTube, ha encontrado desde su inicio 412 nuevos compuestos psicoactivos, 151 sustancias químicas, 121 procedentes de plantas y 140 combinaciones de ambos grupos 4 .…”

Section: Las Drogas Emergentesunclassified

“…A final del siglo XX se añade a ella las drogas de diseño, con el éxtasis (MDMA) y la ketamina como principales exponentes. A principios del siglo XXI aparecen nuevos productos (las denominadas drogas emergentes) y, paralelamente, los nuevos canales de información y venta/distribución 4 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Drogas emergentes (I): las «smart drugs»

Burillo-Putzé

Díaz

Pazos

et al. 2011

Anales Sis San Navarra

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resUMenEn los últimos años han ganado popularidad una serie de nuevas drogas, conocidas como smart drugs o legal highs, fácilmente accesibles a través de tiendas online. Ello ocurre sobre todo en los segmentos jóvenes de la población, asociado a su consumo lúdico fundamentalmente durante los fines de semana.En general son derivados sintéticos de productos naturales, de los que apenas existe investigación clíni-ca y que no son detectables en los laboratorios de los hospitales.Tres de estos productos, el BZP (1-benzilpiperacina), la mefedrona (4-metilcatinona) y el Spice son probablemente los más utilizados en Europa. Los dos primeros se consumen como alternativas al éxtasis y la cocaína, y se caracterizan por producir un cuadro clíni-co de tipo simpaticomimético, en ocasiones de consecuencias graves, con convulsiones e incluso muerte. El Spice (mezcla de hierbas con cannabinoides sintéticos como el JWH-018, el JWH-073 y el CP 47,497-C8) está ocasionando cuadros de dependencia y esquizofrenia.Aunque las drogas emergentes poseen un aura de seguridad, cada vez hay más experiencia sobre sus efectos secundarios.Palabras clave. Smart-drugs. Piperacinas. Catinonas. Mefedrona. Spice.

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“…NPS are substances that are often not controlled by national or international law and which have putative psychoactive properties. They constitute a heterogeneous group, are often synthesized in labs (Collins, 2011), and often sold openly through websites on the Internet (Schifano et al, 2006;EMCDDA, 2009;Schmidt et al, 2011;Bruno et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To accurately follow trends in NPS usage it is important to analyze information available on the Internet (Schifano et al, 2006). Indeed, in the 2010 report from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) it is recommended that Governments should monitor Internet forums to identify the substances that might replace mephedrone as a result of that substance being placed under national control in a growing number of countries (INCB, 2011, p. 44) Internet fora focusing on drug use have been used in previous research: to detect new NPS entering the market ; to recruit subjects for web-based surveys and interviews (Baggott et al, 2010;Carhart-Harris et al, 2011;Van Hout and Bingham, 2013); and to describe users' experiences with NPS (Kjellgren and Jonsson, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interest in eight new psychoactive substances before and after scheduling

Ledberg¹

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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a b s t r a c tBackground: In recent years the recreational use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has increased. NPS are considered a threat to public health and the main response to this threat is to make the selling and buying of these substances illegal. In Sweden, during the last 5 years, 62 new substances have been classified as narcotics but little is known of the effects of making a particular substance illegal. The aim of this work is to study how legal status influences the interest in NPS in Sweden. Methods: Forty-five thousand posts made in a Swedish Internet discussion forum (Flashback Forum) related to eight NPS (MDPV, Methylone, 4-MEC, 4-HO-MET, MXE, 6-APB, AH-7921, and 3-MMC) were used to derive time-dependent measures of interest in these substances. Intervention analyses were used to investigate the effects of legal status on the forum interest. Results: For all eight substances the activity on the forum (measured as number of posts per day) showed a drastic decrease around the time of classification. The statistical analysis showed that in seven of eight cases, the drop in activity could be accounted for by the legal status of the substances. Conclusions: The legal status of the substances was shown to have a substantial effect on the interest in the substances. The novel measure used to trace the interest in particular NPS could be a useful tool to follow trends in substance use in almost real-time.

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Drugs on the web; the Psychonaut 2002 EU project

Cited by 90 publications

References 14 publications

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

Drogas emergentes (I): las «smart drugs»

The interest in eight new psychoactive substances before and after scheduling

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