Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Ghiabi, Maziyar

doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.aeaf3a99

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…To the extent that they do not accept the oral consumption of opium and smoke opium even in impossible conditions. Since ancient times in Iran, there has been a strong interest in opium smoking with Wafour (Vafour) or hookah, and it is usually done for long minutes a day (3,4,8). The body position during opium smoking is usually non-standard and non-ergonomic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?

Massah,

Arab,

Farhoudian

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Opioid use disorder has increased in the world in recent years and Iran ranks first in terms of opium smoking in the world. In fact, opium smoking by traditional methods, in addition to dependence on morphine, is a behavioral addiction in Iran. The body position during opium smoking is usually non-standard and non-ergonomic. Over time, changes in muscle tissue, tendons and ligaments, and the connective tissue go from elasticity to neuromuscular plasticity. This study aims to compare sway back posture and musculoskeletal problems between opium smokers and non-drug users. In this comparative and cross-sectional study, 80 opium smokers were compared with 74 non-drug users in terms of sway angle (sway back posture), and musculoskeletal complaints (NORDIC questionnaire) and the association of possible risk factors was investigated. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Correlation Coefficient and paired-t tests using SPSS version 23. There were significant differences between two groups in terms of sway back posture (P=0.007), and neck (<0.001), upper back (<0.001) and lower back (0.006) musculoskeletal complaints. Homelessness, the lifetime duration of opium smoking (in months), and the duration of daily opium smoking (in minutes) had significant correlation with sway back posture and musculoskeletal complaints. Homelessness was the strongest predictor and had strongest correlation. Overall, an increase in the duration of sitting in non-ergonomic positions could lead to increase in sway angle and sway back posture and increase in musculoskeletal complaints of neck, upper back and lower back due to the non-neutral posture of opium smoking. It seems that plasticity and structural and functional adaptations of the posture occurs due to opium smoking and further studies are recommended.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned, opium smoking by traditional methods has been customary in Iran for centuries. This method of substance abuse is a slow and time-consuming process, usually taking 1-3 hours a day (3,8). Since the body position is not neutral during opium smoking, there is a possibility of postural deformity after years of opium smoking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?

Massah,

Arab,

Farhoudian

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Sikh-o-Sang is a method of opium smoking in which a hot and melted spoke is touched to a piece of opium that is placed on a small metal pin). In non-ergonomic positions, while the head is forward, the thoracic vertebrae are in a hyperkyphosis state and usually deviate to one side (3,7). In this regard, there is a high possibility that this repeated situation, if it continues for years, will cause musculoskeletal disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Opium Smoking and Neck and Upper Spine Posture Disorders

Massah,

Arab,

Farhoudian

et al. 2023

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: Many studies have shown that non-ergonomic positioning of the spine is one of the main causes of postural deformity. In this regard, opium smoking requires sitting in non-ergonomic positions, which increases the possibility of posture disorders due to exposure for several hours a day and over many years. Objectives: This study aimed to compare neck pain and disability, forward head posture (FHP), and the curvature of the thoracic spine (thoracic hyperkyphosis [THK]) in opium users and non-drug users. Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 80 opium smokers were compared with 74 non-drug users in terms of craniovertebral angle (FHP), THK, and neck pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and disability (neck disability index [NDI]). Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-tests using SPSS version 23. Results: The difference between the 2 groups was significant in all variables, including VAS (P = 0.004), NDI (P < 0.001), craniovertebral angle (P = 0.003), and THK (P = 0.006). Conclusions: Forward head posture, THK, neck pain, and neck disability are more prevalent in opium smokers than non-drug users. This could be due to the long hours of the non-ergonomic position while smoking opium.

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“…When opium dependents smoke opium, they use three special tools (Figure 1) called 'Vafour' (a device for smoking opium, including a wooden pipe and a small clay or ceramic pot attached to the pipe), 'Gholgholi' (a small water pipe or hookah), and 'Sikh-o-Sang' (a method of opium smoking where a hot and melted spoke is touched to a piece of opium which is placed on a small metal pin) in uncomfortable positions where their head tilts forward more than normal. This can also cause changes in their spine, resulting in a curved posture and sometimes leaning to one side [12,13]. If opium smoking in the common non-ergonomic position continues for several hours a day over many years, the risk of developing neck musculoskeletal disorders will be high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation between Neck Pain and Disability, Forward Head Posture, and Hyperkyphosis with Opium Smoking: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran

Massah,

Arab,

Farhoudian

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Opium smoking has been a common practice in Iran for many years, with people often smoking for long hours. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in opium smoking due to false beliefs about its protective effects against COVID-19 infection. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between the non-ergonomic positions associated with traditional opium smoking in Iran and the development of neck pain and disability, forward head posture (FHP), and hyperkyphosis (HK). In this cross-sectional, correlational study, a total of 120 individuals who smoked opium were selected based on the inclusion criteria. They were interviewed about their addiction profile using the Lite version of the Addiction Severity Index and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire. The presence of neck pain and disability was also evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale and the Neck Disability Index. The participants were examined for FHP via side-view photography and for HK using a flexible ruler. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient tests and stepwise linear regression analysis. Based on the results, homelessness, the lifetime duration of opium smoking (in months), the duration of daily opium smoking (in minutes), and the severity of drug dependence had significant relationships with the severity of neck pain, neck disability, FHP, and HK. Homelessness was the strongest predictor of neck pain and disability (R2 = 0.367, p < 0.001), FHP (R2 = 0.457, p < 0.001), and HK (R2 = 0.476, p < 0.001), followed by the lifetime duration of opium smoking and the duration of daily opium smoking, respectively, in which R2 increased to 0.505 (p = 0.011), 0.546 (p = 0.022), and 0.570 (p = 0.004) with the addition of two other variables. Overall, an increase in the duration of sitting in non-ergonomic positions could lead to neck pain and disability, FHP, and HK due to the non-neutral posture of opium smokers.

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Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Cited by 11 publications

References 168 publications

Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?

Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?

Association Between Opium Smoking and Neck and Upper Spine Posture Disorders

The Correlation between Neck Pain and Disability, Forward Head Posture, and Hyperkyphosis with Opium Smoking: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran

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