Dry Bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L.] Growth and Yield Response to Variable Irrigation in the Arid to Semi-Arid Climate

Abstract

Understanding the crop growth and yield response to variable irrigation and the relationship between crop eco-physiological and morphological parameters is critical for identifying a balanced irrigation management strategy and developing decision support systems for early detection and information for on-ground decisions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of variable irrigation treatments on dry bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L.] growth traits (plant height, leaf area index, normalized difference vegetation index), seed yield (SY), and yield components (pods plant−1, seeds pod−1, 100-seed weight (SW), and pod harvest index (PHI)) and to develop empirical models between dry bean growth and environmental conditions, SY, and yield components. Five irrigation treatments i.e., FIT (full irrigation treatment), 125% FIT, 75% FIT, 50% FIT, and 25% FIT were investigated. Water deficit at the beginning of the crop growth [vegetative growth (V1-V2) stage], dramatically reduced dry bean growth and development and resulted in a significant reduction in SY. However, the degree to which vegetative growth and SY was reduced depends on the weather conditions. Reducing irrigation by 25% below FIT resulted in an average reduction of 30% in SY. This reduction in SY was significantly correlated with a decline in pods plant−1 and SW. Moreover, the empirical models between growth traits and growing degree days (GDD) have a strong correlation, while growth traits and SY and yield components are moderately correlated. The data and empirical models presented in this research provide valuable information in predicting and estimating dry bean SY in-season and allow for corrective management decisions.

Prediction of Biometric Variables Through Multispectral Images Obtained From Uav in Beans (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris L.</em>) During Ripening Stage

“…Plant height is an important variable since it depends on the growth rate of crops [26]. In Table 2, 19 vegetation indices correlated to plant height are detailed.…”

Sink Strength Maintenance Underlies Drought Tolerance in Common Bean

“…With the goal of increasing yield, researchers discovered that leaf area index, which quantifies leaf area per unit of land, and canopy biomass accumulation stand out as a strong indicators of yield [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], even above net assimilation rates [ 15 ]. Similarly, direct relationships between yield and rates of leaf production and expansion have also been seen in crops [ 16 ] and leaf size correlates with seed size in common bean [ 17 ].…”

“…Similarly, direct relationships between yield and rates of leaf production and expansion have also been seen in crops [ 16 ] and leaf size correlates with seed size in common bean [ 17 ]. Further, studies show harvest indexes (HI), which measure the efficiency in which a plant turns biomass into seeds, are an even stronger predictor of yield [ 2 , 12 ]. Increased HI has been increasingly selected for in breeding of crops, including common bean, for drought tolerance [ 18 ].…”

Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Crop Water Production Functions and Yield Response Factors in an Arid to Semi-Arid Climate

“…The dry bean response to water stress can vary with cultivars and landraces (Lanna et al, 2016;Emam et al, 2012;Singh et al, 2009), soil type (Daryanto et al, 2015), frequency, duration, and intensity of drought stress (Rai et al, 2020;Muñoz-Perea et al, 2007), and climate. The effect of water stress includes visible symptoms of excessive reduction of flowers, number of pods, and seeds per pod during the pre-anthesis and reproductive growth stages (Rai et al, 2020).…”

“…The dry bean response to water stress can vary with cultivars and landraces (Lanna et al, 2016;Emam et al, 2012;Singh et al, 2009), soil type (Daryanto et al, 2015), frequency, duration, and intensity of drought stress (Rai et al, 2020;Muñoz-Perea et al, 2007), and climate. The effect of water stress includes visible symptoms of excessive reduction of flowers, number of pods, and seeds per pod during the pre-anthesis and reproductive growth stages (Rai et al, 2020). Intermittent to severe drought stress can significantly reduce biomass accumulation, harvest index, number of pods and seeds per pod, and days to maturity, and reduce seed yield by 20% to 90% (Rai et al, 2020;Nuñez Barrios et al, 2005;Terán and Singh, 2002;Nielsen and Nelson, 1998;Ramirez-Vallejo and Kelly, 1998;Stroker, 1974).…”