“Dry bite” in venomous snakes: A review

Naik, Biswajit

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.015

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This renal complication is caused if the venom contains crotoxin, gyrotoxin and phospholipase A2, which are found in rattlesnake venoms ( Monteiro et al, 2001 ; Martins et al, 2002 ). AKI is reported after snakebite envenomings by Crotalus durissus in Brazil, by Azevedo-Marques et al (1985) , Jorge and Ribeiro (1992) , Bucaretchi et al (2002) and Naik (2017) , therefore corroborating the findings of this report.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Envenoming by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima in the state of roraima, Brazil

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical-epidemiological factors associated with victims of rattlesnake envenoming in the state of Roraima, Brazil. In this location, rattlesnake accidents are caused by the subspecies Crotalus durissus ruruima . This is a prospective observational study carried out at the General Hospital of Roraima from april 2017 until july 2018. A total of 37 alleged rattlesnake victims had their medical records evaluated. However only one of them proved to be by C. d. ruruima . All individuals were residents from the savannas (lavrados) of Roraima. The town of Bonfim on the border between Brazil and Guyana had the highest occurrence of rattlesnake bites. The most affected group were males aged 13–20 years and farmers. The highest number of incidents occurred during daytime and lower limbs (feet) were the most major affected part of the body. Tourniquets were used as first aid after snake envenoming in 32.4% of victims. Out of 37 patients, 16.2% were classified as severe cases of snakebite envenoming and in 5.4% dry bites seem to have occurred. Among the symptomatic patients, 100% presented local manifestations and 70.3% presented systemic manifestations. The clinical setting showed local effects such as pain and edema while the systemic effects were blurred vision, myalgias, myasthenic facies, palpebral ptosis, muscle weakness and headache. Laboratory results of aspartate aminotransferase (62.2%), creatine phosphokinase (51.3%), lactic dehydrogenase (37.8%), urea level (32.4%) and serum creatinine (29.7%) were increased significantly in relation to the reference standards. In 16.2% of the cases, the victims presented acute kidney injury. Patients were treated with anticrotalic serum in 70.3% of the cases and antibotropic + anticrotalic serum in 24.3%. The victims of C. d. ruruima in Roraima showed a local symptomatology similar to Bothrops envenoming, while systemic symptoms and laboratory analysis proved kidney and muscular injuries, similar to envenoming by Crotalus d. terrificus in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These victims had no local or systemic features. Some studies including the incidence of dry bite by Crotalus were reported in the literature by Bucaretchi et al (2002) and Naik (2017) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Envenoming by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima in the state of roraima, Brazil

et al. 2020

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“…The snake genders significantly differed with respect to the amount of venom released ( p = 0.011): BmooF released a two-fold greater amount of venom than BmooM (68.60 mg ± 11.60 mg and 32.60 mg ± 7.77, respectively) ( Figure 1 A). The venom amount released varies according to several factors, including the aim of the bite (defence or predation), snake species, and snake size [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. As the B. moojeni specimens studied herein were housed in the same serpentarium, received the same feeding, and underwent the same procedure of venom extraction, we can conclude that their body size directly influenced the amount of venom released.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteopeptidomic, Functional and Immunoreactivity Characterization of Bothrops moojeni Snake Venom: Influence of Snake Gender on Venom Composition

Amorim

Costa

Baiwir

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Venom composition varies across snakes from all taxonomic levels and is influenced by the snakes’ age, habitat, diet, and sexual dimorphism. The present study reports the first in-depth investigation of venom composition in male and female Bothrops moojeni (B. moojeni) snakes (BmooM and BmooF, respectively) through three proteomics approaches associated with functional, cytotoxic, and immunoreactivity characterization. Compared with BmooM venom, BmooF venom exhibited weaker hyaluronidase, metalloproteinase, and phospholipase activity; stronger recognition by anti-bothropic serum; 1.4-fold stronger cytotoxicity; and greater number of peptides. The increased L-amino acid oxidase expression probably accounted for the stronger immunoreactivity and cytotoxicity of BmooF venom. BmooF and BmooM venom shared only 19% peptides. Some venom components were gender-specific, such as phospholipases B, phospholipase inhibitor, and hyaluronidases in BmooM, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins in BmooF. In conclusion, we describe herein the first proteomics study of B. moojeni snake venom and an in-depth characterization of gender-specific differences in venom composition. Altogether, our findings not only stress the importance of considering the snake’s gender during antivenom production, but also help to identify new potential drugs and biotechnological tools.

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“…Fatality rates of venomous snakebites are much lower than popularly viewed, due to high rates of “dry bite” (no venom injected) or sublethal amounts injected, with over half the cases displaying little or no symptoms and this rate may reach up to 80% for some short fanged genera such as Pseudonaja [ 11 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Other variables include the misattribution of bites from harmless (non-venomous species or non-lethal rear-fanged venomous species) snakes as being from highly venomous species.…”

Section: Inappropriate First-aid and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

Fry

2018

Toxins

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Many issues and complications in treating snakebite are a result of poor human social, economic and clinical intervention and management. As such, there is scope for significant improvements for reducing incidence and increasing patient outcomes. Snakes do not target humans as prey, but as our dwellings and farms expand ever farther and climate change increases snake activity periods, accidental encounters with snakes seeking water and prey increase drastically. Despite its long history, the snakebite crisis is neglected, ignored, underestimated and fundamentally misunderstood. Tens of thousands of lives are lost to snakebites each year and hundreds of thousands of people will survive with some form of permanent damage and reduced work capacity. These numbers are well recognized as being gross underestimations due to poor to non-existent record keeping in some of the most affected areas. These underestimations complicate achieving the proper recognition of snakebite’s socioeconomic impact and thus securing foreign aid to help alleviate this global crisis. Antivenoms are expensive and hospitals are few and far between, leaving people to seek help from traditional healers or use other forms of ineffective treatment. In some cases, cheaper, inappropriately manufactured antivenom from other regions is used despite no evidence for their efficacy, with often robust data demonstrating they are woefully ineffective in neutralizing many venoms for which they are marketed for. Inappropriate first-aid and treatments include cutting the wound, tourniquets, electrical shock, immersion in ice water, and use of ineffective herbal remedies by traditional healers. Even in the developed world, there are fundamental controversies including fasciotomy, pressure bandages, antivenom dosage, premedication such as adrenalin, and lack of antivenom for exotic snakebites in the pet trade. This review explores the myriad of human-origin factors that influence the trajectory of global snakebite causes and treatment failures and illustrate that snakebite is as much a sociological and economic problem as it is a medical one. Reducing the incidence and frequency of such controllable factors are therefore realistic targets to help alleviate the global snakebite burden as incremental improvements across several areas will have a strong cumulative effect.

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“Dry bite” in venomous snakes: A review

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Envenoming by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima in the state of roraima, Brazil

Envenoming by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima in the state of roraima, Brazil

Proteopeptidomic, Functional and Immunoreactivity Characterization of Bothrops moojeni Snake Venom: Influence of Snake Gender on Venom Composition

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

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