2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2014.06.002
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Dry eye disease: A review of diagnostic approaches and treatments

Abstract: Dry eye (DE) is a common ocular disease that results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance and substantially affects the quality of life. It has a multifactorial etiology involving tear film instability, increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface with potential damage to the ocular surface. This review discusses the classification, diagnostic approaches and treatments of DE.

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Cited by 78 publications
(70 citation statements)
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References 103 publications
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“…24 Although the beneficial effects of CsA treatment on DED are well documented, many patients with dry eye do not exhibit consistent therapeutic responses to topical CsA. 25 Some adverse reactions, including ocular pain, ocular irritation, burning, and stinging, have been observed with the use of topical CsA. 26 Corticosteroids directly act on the inflammatory cascade through a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated pathway.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…24 Although the beneficial effects of CsA treatment on DED are well documented, many patients with dry eye do not exhibit consistent therapeutic responses to topical CsA. 25 Some adverse reactions, including ocular pain, ocular irritation, burning, and stinging, have been observed with the use of topical CsA. 26 Corticosteroids directly act on the inflammatory cascade through a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated pathway.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Artificial tears are commonly used to provide symptom relief and Restasis Õ , a topical emulsion formulation of cyclosporine, is currently the only approved drug therapy for treating dry eye, albeit with only moderate efficacy [13]. Blepharitis and meibomien gland disease are both caused by inflammation of the eyelids.…”
Section: Common Eye Diseases and Current Available Treatmentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Notably, although it is possible to find in literature an extensive discussion on the effectiveness of currently used clinical tests to diagnose dry‐eye syndrome, there is no gold standard test or even a panel of tests for the diagnosis of this disease. The most employed tests include tear break‐up time, ocular surface fluorescein staining, Schirmer test, lid and meibomian morphology and meibomian expression . Several techniques are normally employed to conjunctival reveal microvilli reduction including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%