Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) has become common on a global scale in recent years. There is a wide prevalence of DED in different countries based on various ethnicities and environment. DED is a multifactorial ocular disorder. In addition to advanced age and gender, such factors as living at high altitude, smoking, pterygium, prolonged use of consumer electronics or overingesting of caffeine or multivitamins are considered to be the major risk factors of DED. We report the DED epidemiology in Taiwan firstly in this article. According to the pathophysiological factors and changes inthe composition of the tear film in DED, it can be categorized into several subtypes, including lipid anomaly dry eye, aqueous tear deficiency, allergic and toxic dry eye among others. Each subtype has its own cause and disease management; therefore, it is important for ophthalmologists to identify the type through literature review and investigation. The management of DED, relies not only on traditional medications such as artificial tears, gels and ointments, but also newer treatment options such as acupuncture, SYL1001, and nanomedicine therapy. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review including common subtypes and treatment of DED. Clearly, more clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of the various treatments and common subtypes of DED.

Tear Proteomics Study of Dry Eye Disease: Which Eye Do You Adopt as the Representative Eye for the Study?

“…The severity of bulbar redness can be objectively quantified via an automated and standardized image grading system. Moreover, meibography and ocular surface staining are two critical assessment for identifying evaporative dry eye [ 13 , 14 ] and ocular surface disease severity of dry eye [ 15 , 16 ], respectively.…”

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Ocular Surface Disease Index and Dry Eye Test Parameters in Computer Users

“…Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 30.06 ± 4.794 (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) yıl idi. Katılımcıların bilgisayar kullanım süresi ortalama 10.15 ± 3.040 (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) saat/gün idi. Ortalama OYHİ skoru 31.0742 ± 15.05892 (8.3-75) idi.…”

“…The DED, especially affecting middle-aged or older individuals, is one of the most common ocular surface diseases on a global scale in recent years [6][7][8] . The DED has been a major public health problem in older people for years, especially prolonged use of electronic devices in modern society has posed a challenge for DED in recent years 9,10 . The DED, a multifactorial disorder of tear film and ocular surface, results in increased osmolarity and instability of the tear film, the discomfort of eye, visual impairment and potential damage and inflammation of the ocular surface [6][7][8]11 .…”

Exposure to Ambient NO2 Increases the Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Females: An 11-Year Population-Based Study

“…Among the risk factors for DES, women have repeatedly been found to be at increased risk of DES compared with men [ 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. A Taiwanese nationwide dataset (2001–2015) also showed that females had a significantly higher annual incidence rate of DES than males [ 16 ]. Furthermore, previous studies have indicated that postmenopausal women and women receiving hormone therapy have more severe cases of dry eye [ 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 ].…”