Dry eye syndrome: comprehensive etiologies and recent clinical trials

Huang, Ruojing; Su, Caiying; Fang, Lvjie; Lü, Jiaqi; Chen, Jiansu; Ding, Yong

doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02320-7

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 206 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…16 It is known that autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus cause dry eye. 20 It is not surprising that MIS-C, a hyper inflammation condition, also maybe causes dry eye.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Ocular Findings Following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Şahin

Kaya-Guner

Keleş

et al. 2023

J Pediatr Infect Dis

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Objective Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children is associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and can be mortal with the involvement of multiple organ systems. However, long-term effects on all organs and organ systems involvement are still unclear or even whether this condition may still occur in which organs. This report aims to identify ocular findings in children with MIS-C on the follow-up. Methods This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Cases diagnosed with MIS-C between May 2020 and February 2021 in our hospital (e.g., cases aged 1 month–18 years old) were included in the study. The same ophthalmologist followed up with the patients after discharge. Patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations, including slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy, best-corrected visual acuity, and Schirmer's 2 test. Results Our study included 22 patients treated with the MIS-C. Twelve (54.5%) were girls, and 10 (45.5%) were boys. Their mean age was 8.7 ± 4.9 years. Pathological ocular findings were found in six (27.2%) patients in the follow-up. The most common finding was punctate epitheliopathy in four (18.2%) patients. The cause of punctate epitheliopathy was dry eye. All patients recovered with treatment. Conclusion Our study is the first to evaluate ocular findings in MIS-C in the long term. Regardless of the severity of the disease, the most common ocular finding in our study was punctate epitheliopathy, that is, dry eye. According to our results, we think patients should be followed up on pathological ocular findings after discharge.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Ocular Findings Following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Şahin

Kaya-Guner

Keleş

et al. 2023

J Pediatr Infect Dis

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“…FDA-approved DED treatments, such as 5% lifitegrast ophthalmic solution (Xiidra®, Novartis, Switzerland) and 0.05% cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis®, Allergan, CA), show only finite efficacy for treating DED signs and symptoms, and are associated with related adverse events that hinder their widespread use in general patients globally [ 37 , 118 ]. Thus, it is pivotal to develop effective and safe DED treatments that target their authentic pathophysiology, which is a wicked cycle of desiccating stress-induced hyperosmolar tissue damage and inflammation of the surface [ 119 , 120 ]. Likewise, there is a need to investigate more drugs that target viral infection-associated DED.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: Past, present and future

Wu,

Sun,

Shi

et al. 2023

Virulence

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Following viral infection, the innate immune system senses viral products, such as viral nucleic acids, to activate innate defence pathways, leading to inflammation and apoptosis, control of cell proliferation, and consequently, threat to the whole body. The ocular surface is exposed to the external environment and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. Several studies have revealed that viral infection can induce inflammation of the ocular surface and reduce tear secretion of the lacrimal gland (LG), consequently triggering ocular morphological and functional changes and resulting in dry eye disease (DED). Understanding the mechanisms of DED caused by viral infection and its potential therapeutic strategies are crucial for clinical interventional advances in DED. This review summarizes the roles of viral infection in the pathogenesis of DED, applicable diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and potential regions of future studies.

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“…At present, there are no permanent treatment options for SS. Presently, widely utilized therapies include symptomatic management and replacement therapy to alleviate the symptoms experienced by patients, reduce disease progression, and improve quality of life [ 7 , 14 , 15 ]. The various medications employed in SS treatment can be categorized into local, systemic, and biological therapies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Targets in the Management of Dry Eye Disease Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome: An Updated Review of Current Insights and Future Perspectives

Almulhim

2024

JCM

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Dry eye disease (DED) is a continuing medical challenge, further worsened in the autoimmune inflammatory hyperactivation milieu of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) due to disturbances to innate and adaptive immunity with malfunctioning neuro-endocrine control. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS DED are not fully established. This review summarized the available evidence, from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized clinical trials, for the efficacy and safety of the available ocular therapeutics for the management of SS DED. Relevant studies were obtained from major databases using appropriate keywords. The available largely empirical symptomatic, supportive, and restorative treatments have significant limitations as they do not alter local and systemic disease progression. Topical therapies have expanded to include biologics, surgical approaches, scleral lens fitting, the management of lid margin disease, systemic treatments, nutritional support, and the transplantation of stem cells. They are not curative, as they cannot permanently restore the ocular surface’s homeostasis. These approaches are efficacious in the short term in most studies, with more significant variability in outcome measures among studies in the long term. This review offers an interdisciplinary perspective that enriches our understanding of SS DED. This updated review addresses current knowledge gaps and identifies promising areas for future research to overcome this medical challenge.

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Dry eye syndrome: comprehensive etiologies and recent clinical trials

Cited by 30 publications

References 206 publications

Evaluation of Ocular Findings Following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Evaluation of Ocular Findings Following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: Past, present and future

Therapeutic Targets in the Management of Dry Eye Disease Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome: An Updated Review of Current Insights and Future Perspectives

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