Dual-Acidity Catalysts for Alkyl Levulinate Synthesis from Biomass Carbohydrates: A Review

Krishnasamy, Kirrthana; Asmadi, Mohd; Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad; Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina; Zakaria, Zaki Yamani; Abdullah, Sureena Binti

doi:10.1007/s12155-024-10726-7

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 99 publications

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“…It has been proposed that base-mediated enhanced proton transfer through a water bridge causes stabilization of the transition state in the H 2 heterolysis rate-determining reaction step. Ghorbanpour et al showed that in the reaction of decomposition of formic acid, more hydrogen gas is released when sodium formate is used. , Alkyl levulinates (ALs) are biomass-based chemicals with many applications in various fields and can replace chemicals produced from petrochemical pathways. − Among the uses of ALs, one can mention their role as a solvent, additive, and precursor in producing gamma-valerolactone (GVL). Ethyl levulinate (EL) is an ester with a fruity odor and can be prepared from levulinic acid (LA) or the reaction between furfuryl alcohol and ethanol. − Considering the existence of various sources for EL production, it can be pointed out that this combination is a suitable option for biofuel additives .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to Gamma-Valerolactone with Formic Acid and a Palladium–Manganese Catalyst Immobilized on Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica (DFNS)

Khabazi,

Najafi Chermahini,

Luque

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Gamma-valerolactone (GVL) is a useful chemical with various applications obtained from the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The present study aims to explore the synthesis of GVL through the hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate (EL) using a palladium−manganese bimetallic catalyst immobilized on a dendritic fibrous nanosilica (Pd x% −Mn y% /DFNS). The key strategy in this reaction involves utilizing the formic acid (FA) decomposition reaction to generate indirect hydrogen and catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) process to convert EL to GVL, a safe and environmentally friendly method. As an economical and available source, EL has less acidity than LA and is more easily separated from the reaction medium. Also, FA (as a byproduct in various processes) can be used as a liquid medium to store hydrogen gas (without the risk of explosion). It can be a potential solution for long-term energy storage by considering the necessary infrastructure. This research showed that the catalytic activity of Pd has developed in the presence of Mn and DFNS and can be affordable. In this reaction, various parameters were investigated. Under the best conditions (1 mL of ethyl levulinate, 3 mL of formic acid, 3 mL of deionized water, 2 g of sodium formate, 50 mg of Pd 6% −Mn 3% /DFNS catalyst, and 8 h), the yields obtained for GVL are 70 and 99.5% at 180 and 230 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield of GVL under the same conditions (without formic acid and sodium formate) using direct molecular hydrogen (2 MPa) at 180 °C was 76%. Also, various methods were used to characterize the catalysts, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, Brunauer−Emmett−Teller, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and elemental mapping.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to Gamma-Valerolactone with Formic Acid and a Palladium–Manganese Catalyst Immobilized on Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica (DFNS)

Khabazi,

Najafi Chermahini,

Luque

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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The Chemistry of Levulinic Acid: Its Potential in the Production of Biomass‐Based Chemicals

Árvai,

Medgyesi,

Lui

et al. 2024

Adv Synth Catal

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Biomass has been identified as the ultimate sustainable resource for all carbon‐based consumer products of the chemical industries in the future. Its catalytic conversion leads to the formation of various platform chemicals that could partially or even fully replace the fossil‐based building blocks that have been currently used in synthetic chemical processes. Among these compounds, levulinic acid (LA) has been recognized as a member of the "Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass" and has attracted significant attention since the seminal paper reported by Werpy and Petersen in 2004. This review summarizes the properties, recent advances, and developments in the chemistry of levulinic acid. The production of LA from both plant and animal‐based carbohydrate feedstocks via 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural or furfuryl alcohol is discussed from a mechanistic perspective, highlighting intrinsic molecular‐level limitations to LA formation. The efficiencies of recently developed catalytic systems are also summarized and compared. Furthermore, the conversion of LA into high‐value‐added downstream chemicals, including its role in the synthesis of complex molecular structures, is overviewed. This section discussed the reactions of LA in the points of view of its various transformations on carbonyl‐, carboxy‐, methyl‐, and methylene functional groups. The reactions of these functionalities with C‐ ,N‐, O‐, and S‐nucleophiles, alcohols, amines, organometallic reagents, oxygen etc. were thematically summarized. Our review also outlooks to highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with the extensive research area of organic chemistry of levulinic acid.

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Fabrication of Si-propyl-functionalized 4,4′-bipyridine-1,1ʹ-diium bisulfate tetrachloroferrate anchored to rice husk-derived nano-silica and its utility for the construction of N,N′-alkylidene bisamides

Zare,

Izadi

2025

Res Chem Intermed

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Dual-Acidity Catalysts for Alkyl Levulinate Synthesis from Biomass Carbohydrates: A Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 99 publications

Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to Gamma-Valerolactone with Formic Acid and a Palladium–Manganese Catalyst Immobilized on Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica (DFNS)

Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to Gamma-Valerolactone with Formic Acid and a Palladium–Manganese Catalyst Immobilized on Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica (DFNS)

The Chemistry of Levulinic Acid: Its Potential in the Production of Biomass‐Based Chemicals

Fabrication of Si-propyl-functionalized 4,4′-bipyridine-1,1ʹ-diium bisulfate tetrachloroferrate anchored to rice husk-derived nano-silica and its utility for the construction of N,N′-alkylidene bisamides

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