Dual African Origins of Global Aedes aegypti s.l. Populations Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA

Abstract

Background Aedes aegypti is the primary global vector to humans of yellow fever and dengue flaviviruses. Over the past 50 years, many population genetic studies have documented large genetic differences among global populations of this species. These studies initially used morphological polymorphisms, followed later by allozymes, and most recently various molecular genetic markers including microsatellites and mitochondrial markers. In particular, since 2000, fourteen publications and four unpublished datasets have used sequence data from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 mitochondrial gene to compare Ae. aegypti collections and collectively 95 unique mtDNA haplotypes have been found. Phylogenetic analyses in these many studies consistently resolved two clades but no comprehensive study of mtDNA haplotypes have been made in Africa, the continent in which the species originated.Methods and FindingsND4 haplotypes were sequenced in 426 Ae. aegypti s.l. from Senegal, West Africa and Kenya, East Africa. In Senegal 15 and in Kenya 7 new haplotypes were discovered. When added to the 95 published haplotypes and including 6 African Aedes species as outgroups, phylogenetic analyses showed that all but one Senegal haplotype occurred in a basal clade while most East African haplotypes occurred in a second clade arising from the basal clade. Globally distributed haplotypes occurred in both clades demonstrating that populations outside Africa consist of mixtures of mosquitoes from both clades.ConclusionsPopulations of Ae. aegypti outside Africa consist of mosquitoes arising from one of two ancestral clades. One clade is basal and primarily associated with West Africa while the second arises from the first and contains primarily mosquitoes from East Africa

Phylogenetic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Based on Mitochondrial ND4 Gene Sequences in Almadinah, Saudi Arabia

“…The results indicate that among 54 Aedes located in different states, the group consisting of Aedes aegypti S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7 show close relationship to the Aedes aegypti located in Africa, as well as, Aedes agypti located in Mexico, On the contrary, the aedes aegypti S1 is disclosed to the group (S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7) and is very close to a different group of Aedes aegypti located in Africa (Moore et al 2013). (Figure 2).…”

“…All sequences were compared with 54 sequences available in the previous studies, from Brazil-AY906835-AY906853 (20), JQ926718-JQ926719 (24), Mexico-JX297249-JX297259 (deposit in Gen Bank by Pfeiler et al 2012), Thailand-JQ926720-JQ926721 (24), and from Africa-JX427511-JX427525 (25). Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm under the Tamura-Nei genetic distance model.…”

Caracterização molecular e morfológica de populações de <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Diptera:Culicidae) no estado de São Paulo.

“…Esses genes têm sido utilizados recentemente em análise de genética populacional, identificação de espécies crípticas, filogenia e filogeografia de diversos grupos da família Culicidae (Bracco et al, 2007;Caldera et al, 2013;de Lourdes Muñoz et al, 2013;Lorenz et al, 2014;Moore et al, 2013;Paduan, Martins Ribolla, 2008;Petersen et al, 2015;Sallum et al, 2002;Scarpassa et al, 2008;Scarpassa, Conn, 2007;Werblow et al, 2014;Zawani et al, 2014).…”

“…aegypti (Bracco et al, 2007;da Costa-da-Silva et al, 2005;Gorrochotegui-Escalante et al, 2002;Herrera et al, 2006;Jaimes-Dueñez et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2013;Paupy et al, 2012), inclusive no Brasil (Lima Júnior, Scarpassa, 2009;Scarpassa et al, 2008). A espécie Ae.…”

“…aegypti formosus, um mosquito silvestre restrita à região subsaariana da África, e a subespécie Ae. aegypti aegypti, referente a Aedes aegypti stricto sensu, encontrada globalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, tipicamente associada com os seres humanos (Jaimes-Dueñez et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2013).…”