Dual-Contrast ¹⁹ F/ ¹ H Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Characterize Myocardial Infarct Healing

Is There Preclinical and Clinical Value for 19F MRI in Stem Cell Cardiac Regeneration?

“…While most of these hypotheses cannot be easily (and have not been) proven, we have provided preliminary immunostaining evidence attesting to the infiltration of macrophages at the injection site at D7/D8 56 . The temporal kinetics of monocyte infiltration and their persistence in remote and infarcted regions of the myocardium have been explored independently with direct intravenous infusions of PFCE NPs 8 , 51 preclinically (mouse), and with PFOB NPs (pig) 50 preclinically and clinically 47 . Most of these studies agree that a more complex monocyte phenotype—comprising classical and intermediate (inflammatory M1) and nonclassical (regenerative M2) monocytes—is involved/coexists in MI.…”

“…Critical to SC interventions is a detailed understanding of the onset and progression of MI and the underlying molecular and signaling pathways. A detailed description of the onset/evolution of reperfused MI is summarized herein at the tissue/molecular levels, as originally proposed by Blankensteijn 6 , and enriched with added knowledge from immune research studies 7 , 8 . Five phases have been proposed to describe the onset and progression of MI, including: (a) Phase I (6 h–2 days post-MI): cardiomyocyte death, (b) Phase II (12–16 h to 3 days post-MI): inflammatory response, (c) Phase III (1–2 weeks post-MI): granulation tissue formation (proliferation), (d) Phase IV (2–3 weeks post-MI): remodeling (proliferation), and (e) Phase V (more than 3 weeks post-MI): maturation.…”