Dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors from Zanthoxylum simulans inhibit gastric cancer cells by cross-mediating thyroid, estrogen, and oxytocin signaling pathways

Abstract

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are overexpressed in gastric cancer cells, the dual inhibitors of which exhibit potential against metastasis and invasion with fewer side effects. To discover inhibitors targeting COX-2 and 5-LOX, we conducted ultrafiltration and enrichment calculation to screen candidates in quaternary alkaloids (QAs) from Zanthoxylum simulans through LC and LC-Q-TOF. For intensive peaks, peaks 19 (berberine) and 21 (chelerythrine) were observed as the most potent dual candidates and showed selective affinity to 5-LOX over COX-2. Peak 19 showed an enrichment at 4.36 for COX-2 and 22.81 for 5-LOX, while peak 21 showed an enrichment at 7.81 for COX-2 and 24.49 for 5-LOX. Molecular docking results revealed chelerythrine as a better dual inhibitor, showing time- and dose-dependent anti-proliferation against AGS cells. Bio-informatics strategies, such as Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), suggested that hormone pathways in gastric cancer cells might be mediated by chelerythrine. Further reviews and summaries helped outline the mechanisms by which COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors might promote apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via estrogen, thyroid, and oxytocin signaling pathways. Chelerythrine was also added to gastric cancer cells to verify the regulation of these three signaling pathways. As a result, significant calling back of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid hormone α3 (TRα3), and thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1) and suppressing estrogen receptor α36 (ER-α36)–Src could benefit the anti-proliferation of chelerythrine. However, it was disappointing that regulation of estrogen receptor α66 (ER-α66), estrogen receptor β (ER-β), and oxytocin receptor (OTR) contributed inversely negative effects on anti-gastric cancer cells. At present, the integrative study not only revealed chelerythrine as the most potent dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitor from QAs but also generally highlighted that comprehensive regulation of the estrogen, thyroid, and oxytocin pathway should be noted once gastric cancer cells were treated with inflammatory inhibitors.