Dual-curing resin cement with colour indicator for adhesively cemented restorations to dental tissues: Change of colour by curing and some physical properties

Abstract

The study was aimed to investigate a color indicator containing dual curing resin composite luting cement and to plot the color change to the time of solidification of the cement. In addition some physical properties were studied. Specimens were made of a dual-cure resin cement (Maxcem Elite™ Chroma, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) and polymerized by autopolymerization only, or with light initiated polymerization. A spectrophotometer was used to quantify the color change of the cement as plotted with the curing time. The efficacy of the curing process was studied by measuring water sorption and the ultimate flexural properties of the cement. The results showed that the flexural strength of cement after autopolymerization was 27.3 MPa and after light initiated polymerization 48.1 MPa. Young’s modulus of bending was 2089.3 MPa and 3781.5 MPa respectively for the same cement samples. Water sorption after two weeks for the autopolymerization cement samples was −1.12 wt% and for the light initiated polymerization samples 0.56 wt%. Non-parametric Spearman’s correlation was measured for autopolymerized cement samples between variables for color and solidification load (N), which showed a strong correlation between curing process and color change (p < 0.05). There was a correlation between the color change and degree of monomer conversion of the dual curing resin composite luting cement which contained a color indicator system for polymerization reaction. The study also suggested that autopolymerization only resulted in suboptimal polymerization of the cement. By additional light curing considerably higher flexural properties were obtained.

Degree of conversion and cohesive strength of conventional dual resin and self-adhesive cements by using of different forms of activation

“…When the different modes of activation were tested, in group CA, the DC of the cements used in this research were shown to be lower than those in group L, showing the need for exposure to light. In fact, the result obtained in this research corroborated the findings of various studies (Alovisi et al, 2018;Arrais et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2016;El-Mowafy et al,1999;Inokoshi et al, 2021;Jang et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017;Majumder et al, 2019;Niemi et al, 2020;Shim et al, 2017) and demonstrated the dependence on light activation of dual cements, and this is probably related to the differences in the proportion between the initiator and accelerator. The type of amine used as accelerator may also have influenced polymerization (Caughman et al, 2001).…”

“…The clinical significance of this study is in agreement with the studies of various authors and allow us to affirm that chemical polymerization is insufficient to enable conventional dual resin cements to attain complete polymerization, resulting in lower DC (Alovisi et al, 2018;Arrais et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2016;El-Mowafy et al, 1999;Inokoshi et al, 2021;Jang et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017;Majumder et al, 2019;Martins et al, 2019;Niemi et al, 2020;Shim et al, 2017) and CS (Chen et al, 2016;Jang et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017;Shim et al, 2017). Special clinical steps must be taken, such as increasing the time of polymerization to compensate the attenuated intensity of light during cementation of resin and ceramic restorations (Almeida et al, 2018;Hardy et al, 2018;Jang et al, 2017;Majumder et al, 2019;Shim et al, 2017;Shim et al, 2018;Turp et al, 2018).…”

“…This showed that chemical activation is not sufficient to provided the cement with adequate properties (Chen et al, 2016;El-Mowafy et al, 1999;Jang et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017;Majumder et al, 2019;Niemi et al, 2020;Shim et al, 2017) because, as its polymerization reaction is slower (Inokoshi et al, 2021), it influences the formation of the polymeric chain by generating long, linear chains. This generates inadequate conversion, interfering in the mechanical properties (Braga et al, 2002), because to obtain appropriate polymerization, even in areas where there is a scarcity of light, a dual resin cement needs to attain similar vales of DC by both chemical activation and light polymerization (El-Mowafy et al, 1999) contrary to one of our expectations that chemical polymerization would be capable of compensating the attenuating effect of light, by chemically polymerizing regions that were remote from the preparation, where the light was deficient (Chen et al, 2016;Hofmann et al, 2001).…”

Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength at the interface of monolithic zirconia with two distinct core build-up materials: An in vitro study

“…Dual cure resin cement has improved mechanical qualities, including flexural strength and hardness, in addition to the advantage of favoring better polymerization to MZ. [ 9 ] This has been proven by Magne et al . [ 4 ] with different luting types of cement and zirconia primers; zirconia exhibits improved bond strength.…”

Color stability and degree of conversion of amine-free dual cured resin cement used with two different translucencies of lithium disilicate ceramics

“…Resin cements are classified according to their method of activation into chemically cured, lightcured and dual-cured. In chemically-cured resin cements, color instability and lack of control over the working time make clinicians prefer to use either light-cured or dual-cured resin cements in luting of restorations [12].…”