“…While there have been extensive efforts in VHA to disseminate evidence –based treatments for PTSD in recent years (Eftekhari et al, 2013; Karlin et al, 2010) there has been far less research on the use and dissemination of psychotherapies for co-morbid substance use disorders in PTSD. Treatments such as contingency management (Higgins, Silverman, & Heil, 2008), cognitive behavioral therapy (Beck, 1999; Wright, 2001), motivational interviewing (Martino, Carroll, Kostas, Perkins, & Rounsaville, 2002; Martino, Carroll, O'Malley, & Rounsaville, 2000) and computerized therapies for substance use disorders (Carroll et al, 2008) may all have a role in the treatment of substance use in dually diagnosed patients with PTSD in specialized intensive PTSD programs. Further studies of effective medications (Sofuoglu, Rosenheck, & Petrakis, 2014) and of combinations of medications and psychotherapies (Roman, Abraham, & Knudsen, 2011) are also needed.…”