Dual energy gamma-ray transmission techniques applied to on-line analysis in the coal and mineral industries

Watt, J.S.; STEFFNER, E.

doi:10.1016/0020-708x(85)90020-1

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Also, variation in the concentration of FeO 3 in the ash usually is the main cause of the ash error, particularly for high-ash coals. Experiments on coal samples, in previous studies, have shown that the method gives good accuracy for low-ash coals, while for high-ash coals (e.g., as mined coal), the accuracy is low and not always acceptable …”

Section: Selection and Operating Principle Of The On-line Analysermentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an On-Line Ash Analysis System for Low-Grade and Inhomogeneous Greek Lignite

Kavouridis

Pavloudakis

2007

Energy Fuels

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The possibility of using commercial on-line analysis systems for monitoring the ash content of low-grade lignites was investigated by carrying out numerous bench-and pilot-scale trials in the mines of Public Power Corporation SA, Greece. Pilot-scale trials were based on a dual-energy γ-ray transmission analyzer, which was installed on the conveyor belt that transports lignite from the pit to the bunker of Kardia mine, Ptolemais. According to the obtained results, the accuracy of the on-line measurements was not adequate and did not allow lignite quality monitoring in real time. The deterioration of the on-line measurements' accuracy, compared to previous applications in other mining sites, was related to the intense variation of the lignite ash content and ash composition, which distorted the calibration of the analyzer. The latter is based on certain assumptions regarding the average atomic number of the organic and mineral matter contained in the lignite. Further experimental work is needed to investigate solutions for successful implementation of this method to lowgrade lignites that exhibit large variation in ash content and composition.

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Section: Selection and Operating Principle Of The On-line Analysermentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an On-Line Ash Analysis System for Low-Grade and Inhomogeneous Greek Lignite

Kavouridis

Pavloudakis

2007

Energy Fuels

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“…For a narrow beam geometry, the intensity of γ -rays, I , transmitted through the sample to the detector is given by [6]…”

Section: The Measurement Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The medium-energy source ( 137 Cs, E = 0.66 MeV) is chosen so that the mass absorption coefficients for all components of the sample are about the same. The concentration of higher Z elements is determined by combining the intensity measurements at the two γ -ray energies [6].…”

Section: The Measurement Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the sample is passed separately through the dual energy gamma-ray beams, the OCAMACS system calculates R µ (equation ( 4)) for each counting time and averages values of R µ over all of these periods. The ash content is determined by substituting the average value of R µ into equation (6). From equation ( 6) the ash content C H is independent of the thickness d of the sample.…”

Section: The Measurement Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel automated separator based on dual energy gamma-rays transmission

Xu¹,

Zhang²

2000

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The paper describes a novel automated separator, of which the key point is the determination of ash in coal by a technique based on the attenuation of dual energy γ-rays transmission. The technique is often used to determine the concentration of a higher atomic number (Z) component in a lower Z matrix. We designed a novel apparatus to realize the on-line non-contact measurement of ash in the virgin lump coal during the process of conveying. As a result, the gangues in the virgin lump coal are recognized by using a threshold ash method and removed by the pneumatic actuator. In this paper the principle of this measurement and the arrangement for separation are presented. Both the main factors affecting the dynamic determination and methods for reducing errors in analysis are also proposed. Furthermore, the experimental verification of the analysis has been conducted. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

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“…To determine the magnetite iron in an ore that also contains other forms of iron, decomposition in 10% acetic acid and magnetic separation have been used to isolate the desired fraction for dichromate titration (386). Three papers have appeared describing the use of nuclear analyzers on-line for the estimation of iron in the passing ore: in the first "Co 7-rays were used in a backscattering measurement and 226Ra 7-rays used in annihilation radiation measurements, with both methods giving a it of 0.4% (184), in a Japanese patent, a combination measurement system has been developed that used both thermal neutron activation and 7-ray activation as an aid to the determination of the degree of reduction of the ore (361), the third describes the use of a dual energy 7-ray transmission technique for ore analysis and some coals (544).…”

Section: Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferrous analysis

Straub¹

1987

Anal. Chem.

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Dual energy gamma-ray transmission techniques applied to on-line analysis in the coal and mineral industries

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluation of an On-Line Ash Analysis System for Low-Grade and Inhomogeneous Greek Lignite

Evaluation of an On-Line Ash Analysis System for Low-Grade and Inhomogeneous Greek Lignite

A novel automated separator based on dual energy gamma-rays transmission

Ferrous analysis

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