Dual Formal and Informal Transport Modes towards Quasi-Seamless Transit in a Developing City

Abstract

Dual formal and informal transport modes have been complementing one another in Bandung City for more than four decades now. The issue appears due to inability of formal transport to provide adequate services to the citizens. However, this accompaniment has brought Bandung City to a quasi-seamless transportation process as both transport modes play their roles as a continuum. Amid insufficient public transportation system in Bandung City, the informal transport modes have properly paired their formal transport counterparts. This study was conducted in Bandung City, Indonesia, by profiling the transportation users, observing the characteristics of both formal and informal transports, and acquiring the relevant secondary information at city and national levels. The study found that within the issue of appropriateness of few modes of informal transport such as becaks and ojeks, they have shown their contribution to the state of quasi-seamless transit process in the city as well as their impacts to reduce the CO2 emission in comparison to formal fossil fuel-based transportation.

Assessing the Seamlessness of Bangkok Metropolitan Public Transport by using Modified Quantitative Gap Analysis

“…from origin to destination. Based on a study by Permana et al, (2018) and Permana et al, (2015), the characteristics of formal and informal transport are shown in Table 3. In the case of formal, semi-formal, and informal public transports in Bangkok, the characteristics are almost the same as what is described in Table 3.…”

Estimating the Demand for Informal Public Transport: Evidence from Antananarivo, Madagascar

“…Kumar et al (2021) argue that formal public transport, such as bus rapid transit (BRT), is not always a solution and there are different public transport markets in a city. Formal and informal transport modes can coexist under a well-integrated urban transport system (e.g., Permana et al 2018).…”

“…The paper casts particular light on demand behavior in the market. The existing literature is relatively rich on the supply side, describing physical or operational characteristics of paratransit services (e.g., Shimazaki and Rahman, 1996;CDIA, 2011;Tichagwa, 2016;Permana et al 2018). However, the demand-side analysis has been carried out in a relatively limited number of studies thus far.…”