“…As seen in Figure S1a, three characteristic diffraction peaks of NiO cubic structure appeared at 2θ = 37.7°, 43.6°, 63.2°, and 75.8°, belonging to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. The strongest peak was observed at 43.6°, which demonstrated that the NiO nanoparticles had a crystal size of ∼10.0 nm, obtained by the Debye−Scherrer equation D = 0.89λ/(β cos θ), 28 where θ is scattering angle, λ is the X-ray wavelength used, β is the full width at half-maximum of Bragg's reflection, and k is a shape factor. Meanwhile, the FE-SEM image also showed that the particle size was about 13.2 nm (Figure S1b), which is also in good agreement with the XRD result.…”