“…Whereas in the past, FI teachers chose a monolingual, French, approach by monopolizing talk time, forbidding code-switching, and restricting group work options for example (Cummins, 2007). In recent years, there has been a shift in the traditional belief that a purely input-driven L2 learning experience is most effective, as advocated by proponents of FI programs (Cummins & Persad, 2014;Swain & Lapkin, 2013), to an increased focus on the examination of the role use a student's L1 can play in the language learning process (Davis et al, 2019;Fortune & Tedick, 2019;Mady, 2012;Mady & Garbati, 2014;Roy, 2015;Zaidi et al, 2022). Swain and Lapkin (2013) encouraged teachers to reflect on L1 use and to consider when and if its use supports student learning by facilitating comprehensible input.…”