Dual-Modal Apoptosis Assay Enabling Dynamic Visualization of ATP and Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Cells

Abstract

ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered significant indicators of cell apoptosis. However, visualizing the interplay between apoptosis-related ATP and ROS is challenging. Herein, we developed a metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nanoprobe for an apoptosis assay using duplex imaging of cellular ATP and ROS. The nanoprobe was fabricated through controlled encapsulation of gold nanorods with a thin zirconium-based MOF layer, followed by modification of the ROS-responsive molecules 2-mercaptohydroquinone and 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled ATP aptamer. The nanoprobe enables ATP and ROS visualization via fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, respectively, avoiding the mutual interference that often occurs in single-mode methods. Moreover, the dual-modal assay effectively showed dynamic imaging of ATP and ROS in cancer cells treated with various drugs, revealing their apoptosis-related pathways and interactions that differ from those under normal conditions. This study provides a method for studying the relationship between energy metabolism and redox homeostasis in cell apoptosis processes.

Machine Learning-Based Label-Free SERS Profiling of Exosomes for Accurate Fuzzy Diagnosis of Cancer and Dynamic Monitoring of Drug Therapeutic Processes

“…In this work, we further used the developed trilayered AuNPs-NMs SERS platform to dynamically monitor the variation of the exosomal molecular information during therapeutic processes by label-free SERS detection to investigate the action mechanism of an anticarcinogen. The chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin (DOX) has been widely used for cancer treatment, which targets the DNA to influence the expression of cellular proteins and other materials. , These changes further cause the variation of exosome bilayer membrane compositions. Therefore, we can monitor the fingerprint information variations of the exosome by the label-free SERS method to reveal the action mechanisms to some extent.…”

ATP-triggered highly sensitive probes for super-resolution mitochondrial imaging and low-dose bioimaging

“…This is consistent with the findings of previous studies. 32 After NO, Cys, Hcy and Na 2 S 2 O 8 stimulation, the ATP level of the cells decreased.…”

“…7, the ATP levels of cancer cells significantly increased after adriamycin treatment and decreased after cisplatin and paclitaxel treatment, which is consistent with the results of previous studies. [32][33][34]…”

Application of Aptamer-SERS Nanotags for Unveiling the PD-L1 Immunomarker Progression Correlated to the Cell Metabolic Bioprocess

“…Fortunately, due to the development of aptamer-reporter-mediated SERS nanotags, − in this work, we further made good use of this approach for delving deeper into the connection between cell metabolic process and PD-L1 expression. The method involved the incorporation of specific Raman reporter 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) into Ag/Au (shell/core) nanoparticles and customized with PD-L1 target-specific DNA aptamers.…”