Dual Sensing of Dopamine and Acetaminophen Mediated by Biomass Derived Phosphorous Rich Carbon

Abstract

Multimolecular detection using a single electrode matrix as well as utilization of inexpensive non‐metal doped carbon from biomass is an attractive approach to developing low‐cost sensors. Herein, we report the synthesis of phosphorous‐doped carbon (PDC) from almond seed skin by a simple self‐polymerization method and utilized as a sensing matrix for Dopamine (DA) and Acetaminophen (APAP) whose redox potential is nearer. The phytic acid in the almond seed skin provides phosphorus to the carbon during high‐temperature treatment. The elemental analysis results confirm the existence of phosphorous in PDC. The sensing results illustrate that the PDC modified glassy carbon electrode (PDC/GCE) exhibits excellent performance against DA and APAP with a wide linear range (0.5 μM–10 μM). The detection limit (LOD) and sensitivity have been calculated and the value is found to be 0.130 μM, 0.047 μA μM−1 for DA and 0.335 μM, 0.021 μA μM−1 for APAP, respectively. The sensitivity of PDC/GCE in real sample conditions was measured using DA and APAP spiked human serum and plasma samples, the results indicate excellent recoveries ranging from 96.00 % to 103.10 %. These encouraging findings reveal that the PDC is an appropriate material for determining the DA and APAP.