Dual-task Interference: Swimming and Verbal Free Recall

Stets, Andrew J.; Helton, William S.

doi:10.1177/1541931218621293

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The influence of exercise on human physiology also depends on the mode of exercise, muscle involvement, and possibly changed body position (Labourne & Tomporowski, 2010). The combined effects of PE and the additional physiological (e.g., ambient pressure, submersion, body position, temperatures) or psychological (e.g., stress or fear of falling) demands of extreme environments on cognitive performance have already been investigated (Epling, Blakely, Edgar, Russell, & Helton, 2018; Stets & Helton, 2018; Yan, 2014). As such, fast processing speeds, decision-making abilities, and flexible behaviors are of high relevance to human safety and success if PE is paired with work conducted in extreme environments that require efficient adaption (e.g., while underwater or during prolonged episodes of microgravity; Martin et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are controversial debates about these effects, the general consensus is that acute/moderate PE tends to have a positive effect on cognition in regard to measurements taken during or directly after PE (Chang & Etnier, 2009; Chang et al, 2012). Given the relevance of cognitive performance for mission success and safety in extreme environments or situations (Epling et al, 2018; Stets & Helton, 2018; Yan, 2014), further contextual investigation is needed to determine the influence of PE on cognitive functions (Martin et al, 2019). This is especially relevant in critical and non-routinized situations that require quick decision making and when individuals are exposed to high physical workloads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions

Möller¹,

Hoffmann

Dalecki

et al. 2019

Hum Factors

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Objective: The intact cognitive processing capacity in highly demanding and dynamically changing situations (e.g., in extreme environmental conditions) is of central relevance for personal safety. This study therefore investigated whether underwater physical exercise (PE) affected cognitive performance by comparing these effects during underwater fin-swimming as opposed to inactivity under normal environmental conditions. Background: Although acute bouts of PE can modulate cognitive performance under highly controlled and standardized laboratory conditions, no previous study has determined whether PE acutely modulates cognitive performance in non-laboratory testing conditions involving extreme environments (e.g., underwater). Method: A total of 27 healthy volunteers (16 males and 11 females; 28.9 ± 7.4 years of age) participated in two experiments involving either moderate or high PE intensity. A PRE/POST crossover design was employed among participants while performing cognitive tests in a counterbalanced order (i.e., before and after 20 min of PE in submersion [WET] and once before and after inactivity [DRY] while in the laboratory). Cognitive performance was measured as a combination of executive functions through the Eriksen Flanker (inhibition) and Two-Back (working memory) Tasks using an underwater tablet computer. Results: ANOVAs revealed enhanced reaction times only in the Flanker test after moderate PE for the WET condition. No other effects were detected. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cognitive performance is exercise-intensity-dependent with enhanced effects during moderate PE, even in extreme environments (i.e., underwater). Application: These results should be relevant in recreational and occupational contexts involving underwater activity and may also apply to microgravity (e.g., during extra-vehicular activities). Description This study compared the acute effects of physical exercise (PE) on cognitive performance in an underwater environment while participants fin-swam with SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) gear. Findings revealed that 20 min of moderate PE positively affected cognitive performance (i.e., inhibitory control ability). However, no changes were observed after high-intensity exercise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions

Möller¹,

Hoffmann

Dalecki

et al. 2019

Hum Factors

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“…Combing these items in a simple additive manner is, perhaps, questionable. The relationship between physical and cognitive workload may be investigated by using dual-task methods (Blakely et al 2021;Darling & Helton, 2014;Stets & Helton, 2018;Stets, Smith & Helton, 2020). Regardless, the TLX-R with Physical Demand removed would be a purer measure of cognitive task workload and apparently an improved measure over the original NASA-TLX from a measurement perspective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The National Aviation and Space Agency Task Load Index (NASA-TLX): Does it Need Updating?

Helton¹,

Jackson

Näswall³

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The NASA-TLX is arguably the most widely used self-report measure of workload in the field of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Previous research utilizing factor analysis has indicated it may not actually be a good unitary measure of workload. In the present study, we have modified two of the original six items, Frustration and Performance, to better reflect workload by replacing them with Emotional Demand and Performance Monitoring Demand items. Confirmatory factor analyses indicate the new scale is an improvement but Physical Demand should also be considered for removal; this results in a five-item measure of mental workload, not overall task workload, as physical demands may not be meaningfully combinable with cognitive demands.

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“…There are demanding complex motor tasks, however, where there is little risk of falling, for example, free swimming. There has been some research on dual-task interference in aquatic environments (Stets & Helton, 2018), but it has generally focused on immersion and the novelty of a completely underwater environment, not the demands of swimming itself (Dalecki, Bock, & Hoffmann, 2013; Dalecki, Schulze, & Bock, 2012; Godden & Baddeley, 1975; Hancock & Milner, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Task Interference Between Swimming and Verbal Memory

2019

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Objective: A dual-task study was performed to explore the performance effects for swimming, word recall, and the combination of the two tasks performed simultaneously. Background: Dual-task interference studies have been performed for a variety of tasks; however, there has not been much dual-task interference research where one of the tasks is a naturalistic physically strenuous task. Swimming is a unique physical task that requires spatial orientation on three dimensional axes, similar to that of flying, but has no risk of falling. Previous studies have been conducted in other activity combinations with word-free recall, such as running and climbing, but swimming has yet to be explored. Method: A verbal memory recall task and swimming task were performed in isolated (single-task) and simultaneous conditions. A comparison of effects across these different activities was also explored. Results: Swimming and the word-recall task resulted in significant dual-task interference: almost as much as when word recall was paired with another verbal task, but more than running and less than climbing. Conclusion: Consistent with other dual-task studies, this study observed dual-task interference between the physical swimming task and the cognitive verbal memory task. Application: Future technologies and training for personnel who engage in water rescue or commercial diving, such as underwater welding and fiber optic cable, may be improved by these findings.

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Dual-task Interference: Swimming and Verbal Free Recall

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions

Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions

The National Aviation and Space Agency Task Load Index (NASA-TLX): Does it Need Updating?

Dual-Task Interference Between Swimming and Verbal Memory

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