Dual Therapy Coating on Micro/Nanoscale Porous Polyetheretherketone to Eradicate Biofilms and Accelerate Bone Tissue Repair

Abstract

Defective osteogenesis and latent infections continue to be two major issues in the therapy of bone tissue regeneration. In this study, a unique hierarchically micro/nanoscale‐architecture is first proposed and produced on polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Besides, a “simvastatin‐PLLA film‐tobramycin microspheres” delivery system is subsequently fabricated to endow the PEEK implant with osteogenic and antibacterial capabilities. In vitro antibacterial evaluations confirm that the decorated PEEK scaffolds possess excellent resistance against planktonic/adherent bacteria. In vitro cell attachment/proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium mineral deposition experiments, and real‐time PCR analysis all exhibit that the superior proliferation rate and osteo‐differentiation potential of MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts are presented on the PEEK samples with dual functional decoration. In the mouse calvarial defect model, the micro‐CT and histological results demonstrate that our scaffolds display a remarkable bone forming capability. Generally, the PEEK scaffolds co‐endowed with simvastatin and tobramycin microspheres possess great potential in clinics.

Effects of different sulfonation times and post-treatment methods on the characterization and cytocompatibility of sulfonated PEEK

“…sulfonation) are simple and costeffective, and can form a modified surface layer uniformly on complex surfaces without affecting the mechanical properties of the bulk matrix. 17,18 PEEK owns an aromatic molecular backbone with combinations of ketone and ether functional groups, rendering it resistant to attack by all substances apart from sulfuric acid. 19,20 Its sulfonation process has been widely studied and characterized as a potential resource of fuel cells membranes.…”

“…hydroxyapatite) onto PEEK could also endow PEEK with bioactivity, 15,16 but the precise boundary and poor physical binding at the coating interface lead to a compromise in bonding strength of coating. 17 Surface chemical treatments (e.g. sulfonation) are simple and cost-effective, and can form a modified surface layer uniformly on complex surfaces without affecting the mechanical properties of the bulk matrix.…”

“…sulfonation) are simple and cost-effective, and can form a modified surface layer uniformly on complex surfaces without affecting the mechanical properties of the bulk matrix. 17,18…”

A simvastatin-releasing scaffold with periodontal ligament stem cell sheets for periodontal regeneration

“…A significantly greater amount of mineralized matrix was observed in the presence of SIM release, with higher gene expression of ALP, Col-I, and BSP, such as observed in other investigations. 24,29 It was found that SIM released from the hydrogels maintained its osteogenic effect, as evidenced by the increased MC3T3-E1 cell mineralization. 24 SIM-loaded scaffolds increased the osteogenic potential of MC3T3-E1 and dental pulp cells, in a pathway that involves expression of the osteogenic mRNA gene, such as Col-I, ALP, BSP, and osteopontin.…”

“…24 SIM-loaded scaffolds increased the osteogenic potential of MC3T3-E1 and dental pulp cells, in a pathway that involves expression of the osteogenic mRNA gene, such as Col-I, ALP, BSP, and osteopontin. 8,29 PDLSC-based periodontal engineering has been extensively studied, and cell sheet strategy has been applied as a promising option to improve the regeneration of periodontal tissue. 30,31 Continuous cell sheets, with the preservation of cellular junctions and endogenous extracellular matrix, could provide a mimicking cellular microenvironment and showed the increased expression of cementogenic genes.…”