2023
DOI: 10.1029/2023jc019972
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Dual Wave Energy Sources for the Atlantic Niño Events Identified by Wave Energy Flux in Case Studies

Abstract: The evolution of equatorial sea surface temperature anomalies during Atlantic Niño events has demonstrated its diversity in both intensity and timing. To investigate the mechanism responsible for this diversity, this study focuses on ocean responses to atmospheric forcing, manipulating the wind forcing in both equatorial and off‐equatorial regions to excite linear ocean models for three types of events that occurred in 1999, 2019, and 2021 respectively. The results reveal the dual wave energy sources for the e… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…As suggested by Richter et al (2013) such off-equatorial forced events might be excited by equatorward advection of temperature anomalies or through off-equatorial westward-propagating Rossby waves reflecting into eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves at the western boundary. The strong 2021 Atlantic Niño, however, seems to have been driven by a combination of off-equatorial and equatorial wind and wave forcing (S.-K. Lee et al, 2023;Song et al, 2023). S.-K. Lee et al (2023) showed that the Kelvin wave that initiated the 2021 Atlantic Niño was excited by an off-equatorial Rossby wave (see also Burmeister et al, 2016) that reflected as an equatorial Kelvin wave off the Brazilian coast and that was reinforced by westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the central and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As suggested by Richter et al (2013) such off-equatorial forced events might be excited by equatorward advection of temperature anomalies or through off-equatorial westward-propagating Rossby waves reflecting into eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves at the western boundary. The strong 2021 Atlantic Niño, however, seems to have been driven by a combination of off-equatorial and equatorial wind and wave forcing (S.-K. Lee et al, 2023;Song et al, 2023). S.-K. Lee et al (2023) showed that the Kelvin wave that initiated the 2021 Atlantic Niño was excited by an off-equatorial Rossby wave (see also Burmeister et al, 2016) that reflected as an equatorial Kelvin wave off the Brazilian coast and that was reinforced by westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the central and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the tropical wind anomaly could be only a part of large-scale wind pattern affected by the South Atlantic Ocean Dipole (Nnamchi et al, 2011). Also, equatorial waves have been revealed to have the second off-equatorial energy source Song et al (2023b); Foltz and McPhaden (2010). Both facts indicate additional off-equatorial predictors.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One other interesting point of the prediction model is that the ACC for the six-month prediction is slightly higher than the five-month or even the four-month lead prediction (see Figures 4B, 6B). This fact may imply some long-term dynamic links between the SST in ATL3 and the equatorial waves which is not locally forced (Richter et al, 2022;Song et al, 2023b).…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
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