Duckweed as a future food: Evidence from metabolite profile, nutritional and microbial analyses

Yahaya, Nazariyah; Hamdan, Nabila Huda; Zabidi, Atiqah Ruqayyah; Mohamad, Ammar Mirza; Suhaimi, Mohammad Luqman Hakim; Johari, Muhammad Azhan Azfar Md; Yahya, Hanis Nadia; Yahya, Hafiza

doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100128

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that the authors used a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5.8, as suggested by Martin et al for the spinach RuBisCO, which is the most abundant protein in the leaf [ 128 ]. Protein isolates from W. globose , obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction, also showed antimicrobial properties and better emulsifying stability compared to whey proteins for at least 24 h. Duckweed nutrient content and metabolite composition have gained extensive attention, particularly in the animal feed industry [ 129 ]. The application of duckweed as plant-based ingredient for future food products is very limited [ 129 ].…”

Section: Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants And Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protein isolates from W. globose , obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction, also showed antimicrobial properties and better emulsifying stability compared to whey proteins for at least 24 h. Duckweed nutrient content and metabolite composition have gained extensive attention, particularly in the animal feed industry [ 129 ]. The application of duckweed as plant-based ingredient for future food products is very limited [ 129 ]. Figure 2 provides an overview of food applications described in the literature of alternative proteins extracted from these sources.…”

Section: Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants And Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues

et al. 2023

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The increasing size of the human population and the shortage of highly valuable proteinaceous ingredients has prompted the international community to scout for new, sustainable, and natural protein resources from invertebrates (e.g., insects) and underutilized legume crops, unexploited terrestrial and aquatic weeds, and fungi. Insect proteins are known for their nutritional value, being rich in proteins with a good balance of essential amino acids and being a valuable source of essential fatty acids and trace elements. Unconventional legume crops were found rich in nutritional, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties, showing excellent abilities to survive extreme environmental conditions. This review evaluates the recent state of underutilized legume crops, aquatic weeds, fungi, and insects intended as alternative protein sources, from ingredient production to their incorporation in food products, including their food formulations and the functional characteristics of alternative plant-based proteins and edible insect proteins as novel foods. Emphasis is also placed on safety issues due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors and allergenic proteins in insects and/or underutilized legumes. The functional and biological activities of protein hydrolysates from different protein sources are reviewed, along with bioactive peptides displaying antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and/or antimicrobial activity. Due to the healthy properties of these foods for the high abundance of bioactive peptides and phytochemicals, more consumers are expected to turn to vegetarianism or veganism in the future, and the increasing demand for such products will be a challenge for the future.

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Section: Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants And Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants And Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues

et al. 2023

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“…Duckweeds have worldwide market potential as human and animal feeds: growing rapidly without soil, they have global distributions and offer dietary protein including essential amino acids, with levels comparable with soybean ( Cheng and Stomp, 2009 ). Duckweeds are also a source of high starch, fibre, and micro- and macronutrients ( Appenroth et al , 2017 ; Yahaya et al , 2022 ). Historically used in Asian cooking, there is also growing interest in duckweeds for vertical farming and even as a live plant food for space travel ( Smith et al , 2009 , 2015 ; Appenroth et al , 2018 ; Stewart et al , 2020 ; Polutchko et al , 2022 ; Nguyen et al , 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological adaptation to irradiance in duckweeds is species and accession specific and depends on light habitat niche

Smith,

Cowan,

Taylor

et al. 2024

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Duckweeds span 36 species of free-floating aquatic organisms with body sizes ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm, where each plant body plan is reduced to a largely leaf-like structure. As an emerging crop, their fast growth rates offer potential for cultivation in closed systems. We describe a novel UK collection derived from low light (dLL) or high light (dHL) habitats, profiled for growth, photosynthesis, and photoprotection (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ) responses. Twenty-three accessions of three Lemna species and one Spirodela polyrhiza were grown under relatively low light (LL: 100 μmol m–2 s–1) and high light (HL: 350 μmol m–2 s–1) intensities. We observed broad within- and between-species level variation in photosynthesis acclimation. Duckweeds grown under HL exhibited a lower growth rate, biomass, chlorophyll, and quantum yield of photosynthesis. In HL compared with LL, carotenoid de-epoxidation state and NPQ were higher, whilst PSII efficiency (φPSII) and Chl a:b ratios were unchanged. The dLL plants showed relatively stronger acclimation to HL compared with dHL plants, especially Lemna japonica accessions. These achieved faster growth in HL with concurrent higher carotenoid levels and NPQ, and less degradation of chlorophyll. We conclude that these data support local adaptation to the light environment in duckweed affecting acclimation in controlled conditions.

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“…Duckweeds are notable for their high content of the protein ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), which is a rich source of essential amino acids such as histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine [ 5 , 6 ]. They also contain a range of non-essential amino acids, including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the physico-chemical properties of the natural habitat and in vitro culture effects on the biochemistry, proliferation and morphology of Lemna minuta

et al. 2023

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In this study, the ecological conditions of the natural habitat of Lemna minuta Kunth in Morocco were investigated, and the impact of five synthetic growth media (Murashige-Skoog (MS), Schenk-Hildebrand (SH), Hoagland medium (HM), 10X Algal Assay Procedure (AAP), and Swedish Standard Institute medium (SIS)) on the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters was analysed. The morphophysiological parameters included root length, frond surface area, and fresh weight, while the biochemical parameters included photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, and protein content. The study was conducted in vitro in two phases: an uncontrolled aeration system (Phase I) and a controlled aeration system (Phase II).The results showed that the pH, conductivity, salinity, and ammonium levels in the natural habitat were within the optimal range for duckweed growth. The measured orthophosphate concentrations were higher compared to previous observations, while the recorded chemical oxygen demand values were low. The study also revealed a significant effect of the culture medium composition on the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of the duckweed. The fresh weight biomass, relative growth rate in fronds, relative growth rate in surface area, root length, protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b), total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and the chlorophyll (a/b) ratio were all affected by the culture medium.The most accurate regression models described the growth index GI(F) based on time and in vitro culture conditions in both phases. In Phase I, the best models for MS, SIS, AAP, and SH media were linear, weighted quadratic, cubic, and weighted cubic, respectively. In Phase II, the best models for all growth media were linear. The time coefficients (in days) for Phase II were 0.321, 0.547, 1.232, 1.470, and 0.306 for AAP, HM, MS, SH, and SIS, respectively.Comparing the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of fronds from different media and analysing the regression model results showed that the SH and MS media were the best among the tested media for the in vitro culture of L. minuta in controlled aeration conditions. However, further research is needed to develop new synthetic media that best promote the growth and maintenance of this duckweed in long-term culture.

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Duckweed as a future food: Evidence from metabolite profile, nutritional and microbial analyses

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues

Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues

Physiological adaptation to irradiance in duckweeds is species and accession specific and depends on light habitat niche

Characterization of the physico-chemical properties of the natural habitat and in vitro culture effects on the biochemistry, proliferation and morphology of Lemna minuta

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