Between November 2007 and July 2019, four cases with serious complications after ESWL were transfer to our emergency department, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, a western Hospital of China. Because urosepsis, hypovolemic shock or acute renal function failure, three of these patients died within 14.5 hours (14.5 hours, 48 minutes, and 58 minutes, respectively, mean 5.4 h) after they were admitted. The ESWL missions for these three patients were 4, 7 and 5, with a time interval of 2, 4 and 4 weeks accordingly. An exploratory laparotomy had to perform on the last patient and a ruptured left kidney was confirmed accompany with pyogenic infection during the operation. She died at the seventh day after been admitted. So iatrogenic injury caused by over-treatment and without systemic follow up may be the main cause of these death cases. Clinical data were summarized and literature was reviewed. We found, although ESWL is a simple, safe and effective procedure for the management of urolithiasis, unnecessary hurt will occur when it was used inappropriately. So indispensable attention must be pay on its possible side effects, especially for over-treatment. Well-trained ESWL physicians may be necessary for ESWL profession, which may reduce the incidence rate of severe complications in the ESWL treatment effectively.