Background-Concomitant aortic (AV) and mitral (MV) valve surgery accounts for 4% of all valve procedures in northern New England. We examined in-hospital and long-term mortality. Methods and Results-This is a report of a prospective study of 1057 patients undergoing concomitant AV and MV surgery from 1989 to 2007. The Social Security Administration Death Master File was used to assess long-term survival. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were performed. In-hospital mortality was 15.5% (11.0% for patients Ͻ70 years, 18.0% for 70-to 79-year-olds, and 24% for those Ն80 years). Overall median survival was 7.3 years. Median survival without coronary artery bypass grafting was 9.5 years and with coronary artery bypass grafting was 5.7 years (PϽ0.001). Survival in women was worse than in men (7.3 versus 9.3, years, Pϭ0.033). Median survival by age was 11.0 years for patients Ͻ70 years, 5.4 years for 70-to 79-year-olds, and 4.8 years for those Ն80 years. Median survival was not significantly different for patients Ն80 years compared with those who were 70 to 79 years old (Pϭ0.245). Conclusions-Double-valve surgery has a high in-hospital mortality rate and a median survival of 7.3 years. After patients have survived surgery, long-term survival is similar between men and women, smaller and larger patients, and those receiving MV repair or replacement. Survival continues to decline after surviving surgery for patients Ն70 years old and those who undergo concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. In patients Ͻ70 years, either mechanical valves in both positions or a tissue AV and mitral repair have the lowest in-hospital mortality and the best long-term survival. In patients Ն70 years, tissue valves in both positions have the best in-hospital and long-term survival. (Circulation. 2009;120[suppl 1]:S155-S162.)