Durability of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic

Turku, Irina; Kärki, Timo; Puurtinen, Ari

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00559

Cited by 65 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The passage of palm kernel shell in a crusher-mill and then in an industrial micronizer helped to transform palm kernel shell of dura palm into palm kernel powder with a size smaller than 50 μm [3] [6] [7]. After micronization, we sieved using a 50 μm afnor sieve.…”

Section: Transformation Of Raw Palm Kernel Shell To Palm Kernel Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That's why since the 1980s, researchers have been trying to study the possibilities of incorporating plants into polymers during the manufacture of plastics, hence the name Wood Plastic Composites (WPC). In this way, several tests have been successful in the use of talc mineral [6], wood [7] [8], cactus [9], date palm fiber [10] in the form of fibers. The most striking results are the easy formatting (packaging, electricity, electronics...), the lightness of the plastic material (manufacturing, aeronautics...), and treatment (buildings...), next to other properties that are no longer to enumerate [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…shows the mass loss (TG) (in red) and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in blue of the raw kernel nut, for a temperature velocity of 10˚C/min at atmosphere controlled by oxygen.In this figure, it appears that the raw material exhibits three degradation phases: 1) Dehydration: the degradation starts at 101˚C and leads to about 1.13% of mass loss. This phase corresponds to linked water evaporating from the material[6] [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of Dura Palm Kernel Powder as a Load for Polymers: Case of Polyvinyl Chloride

Djomi¹,

Meva’a²,

Nganhou³

et al. 2018

MSCE

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This work presents the physical and thermal characterization of the dura palm kernel powder of Cameroon for their use as fillers for polymers composites. The powders of palm kernel were obtained using a percussion grinder mill with an industrial microniser which allowed obtaining a powder less than 50 μm with an apparent density between 0,505 ≤ ρ ≤ 0,680 g/cm 3 at 1.56 of relative humidity. The infrared of the powder of palm kernel shows the presence of phenols groups with a large band around 3341 cm −1 ,-C-H at 2917.02 cm −1 and-CO at 1040 cm −1 as the main peaks. The polyvinyl chloride of infrared obtained shows the presence of-C-Cl,-CH 2 and CH as the mains peaks. The infrared of 12.5% of palm kernel powder with polyvinyl chloride shows an increase of the CH 2 and CH bonds and a decrease of the-OH bonds. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis of powders, polyvinyl chloride and mixture showed that the mixing powders are intermediate between the polyvinyl chloride and palm kernel powder. The powder decreased the phase temperatures of the mixture from 98.58˚C to 95˚C for the glass transition temperature and from 515˚C to 459˚C for the crystallization temperature. The thermogravimetric curves of palm kernel powder and polyvinyl chloride have showed that these materials lose their different masses in three different phases, and the one of composite (mixture of polyvinyl chloride with 12.5% of palm kernel powder) in two different phases.

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Section: Transformation Of Raw Palm Kernel Shell To Palm Kernel Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of Dura Palm Kernel Powder as a Load for Polymers: Case of Polyvinyl Chloride

Djomi¹,

Meva’a²,

Nganhou³

et al. 2018

MSCE

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“…Following the abovementioned efforts in equipment design, attention turned to the composition of plastic lumber, and wood-plastic composites (WPC) emerged in the 1990s to replace wood with recycled plastic lumber in decking and fencing [16,18]. Also in the 1990s, pioneering studies on plastic recycling for the development of plastic lumber began at the Institute of Macromolecules of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, under the supervision of Professor Eloisa Biasotto Mano, the first line of research in the area at university level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing and Properties of Plastic Lumber

Santos¹,

Canto²,

Silva³

et al. 2020

Thermosoftening Plastics

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Plastic residue can be processed into composites using wood flour, mineral fillers, plant or synthetic fibers to obtain plastic lumber, a substitute material for natural wood. The composition and processing conditions are largely responsible for the final characteristics of the plastic lumber. Factors such as density, particle size and moisture content in the material to be processed require extruders with specific technical characteristics, in order to reduce the residence time of the plastic inside the equipment, maintain a constant feed rate and ensure good degassing and homogenization of the components. The composites can be manufactured using single-screw, co-or counter-rotating conical or parallel twin-screw extruders. Plastic lumber exhibits different physical and mechanical properties from natural wood, including lower stiffness (elastic modulus) and superior weathering resistance.

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“…1,2 Natural fiber/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites have many advantages, such as low water absorption (WA) and excellent humidity resistance. [3][4][5] However, in outdoor applications, these materials often face challenges from moisture, 6,7 fungi, 8,9 ultraviolet light, 10,11 xenon lamps, 12,13 seawater, and acid rain, 14,15 which attack the surfaces of materials. In addition, composites are often in direct contact with soil, meaning long soil aging can lead to the degradation of mechanical and thermal properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of rice husk fibers on the properties of mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites under soil accelerated aging conditions

Wang

2019

Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

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In this article, rice husk fiber/polyvinyl chloride composites were prepared and analyzed. The optimal composition of mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced composites was determined through orthogonal experimentation. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced composites were compared to unprocessed (100 mesh) rice husk fiber/polyvinyl chloride composites. The surface microscopic appearances of the unprocessed and final composites were observed via laser microscope. Long-term accelerated soil aging caused micro-cracks to appear on the surfaces of the composites. Interfacial adhesion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that mixed-particle-size fibers can better fill interfacial gaps, leading to strong interfacial adhesion. Furthermore, the addition of mixed-particle-size fibers improves the soil aging resistance of composites. The hardness, flexural strength, impact strength, and first onset pyrolysis temperature (after 0 days) increase from 50 HRR, 35.2 MPa, 3.19 KJ/m2, and 258.5°C to 55 HRR, 39.4 MPa, 3.86 KJ/m2, and 261.2°C, respectively. However, the mass loss rate and thickness expansion rate (after 21 days) decrease from 2.9% and 0.79% to 2.21% and 0.74%, respectively. In general, the addition of mixed-particle-size fibers improves the ultimate properties of composites under soil aging conditions.

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Durability of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic

Cited by 65 publications

References 34 publications

Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of Dura Palm Kernel Powder as a Load for Polymers: Case of Polyvinyl Chloride

Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of Dura Palm Kernel Powder as a Load for Polymers: Case of Polyvinyl Chloride

Processing and Properties of Plastic Lumber

Effects of rice husk fibers on the properties of mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites under soil accelerated aging conditions

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