Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports

Phiri, Joseph; Majune, Socrates Kraido; Appiah-Kubi, Seth Nana Kwame; Gebeltová, Zdeňka; Kotásková, Sylvie Kobzev; Maitah, Mansoor; Malec, Karel; Naluwooza, Patricia

doi:10.3390/agriculture11010073

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…On average, trade spell lasts for 12.07 months. Considering trade duration length alone, agricultural imports are highly dynamic which is consistent to previous finding [ 26 , 27 , 29 ]. However, previous studies did not take intervals between trade spells into consideration.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The average trade duration length of agri-food imports was 12.07 months in China (Table 3), similar to conclusions from previous studies [ 11 , 26 – 29 ], indicating that the agricultural trade is highly dynamic. Table 1 presents distribution of the trade duration length.…”

Section: Data Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Wang et al [ 28 ] studied trade duration of ASEAN’s seafood exports, and concluded that the average trade duration was 4.4 years over the study period. While the mean duration of Zambia’s agricultural products was only 1.7 years between 1996 and 2019 [ 29 ]. Idris et al [ 30 ] found that, from 2000 to 2017, the median export survival time of processed food in Malaysia was two years.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does economic policy uncertainty undermine stability of agricultural imports? Evidence from China

Zhang

Brizmohun

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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China is the world’s largest importer of agricultural products. Stability of agricultural imports directly affects domestic food availability, and hence influences national food security. This study is important to gauge effects of uncertainty resulting from global and domestic economic policy changes on the stability component of food security in China. Though many studies have explored the determinants and consequences of Chinese agricultural trade, research focusing on stability of agricultural imports is lacking. To fill the gap, this study calculates duration length and survival probability of China’s agri-food imports, and estimates effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the stability. Results show that trade duration of the agri-food imports is 12.07 months in China. However, 51.69% of disrupted trade relationships would resume after 2 months and 92.68% of temporarily interrupted trade relationships return to the market after 12 months. Empirical estimations show that global EPU has a larger impact on the stability of agricultural imports than Chinese EPU. Although Chinese EPU has heterogeneous effects on imports of different agri-food products in China, global EPU does not. Stabilized domestic food price and improved domestic agricultural productivity would improve stability of the imports significantly. The study concludes that China’s agricultural imports are less dynamic than previous studies claimed. However, EPU significantly erodes the trade stability. To offset negative effects of EPU on the stability, government should pay more attention on stabilizing domestic food price volatility and increasing food productivity, and therefore improve food security in China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Data Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does economic policy uncertainty undermine stability of agricultural imports? Evidence from China

Zhang

Brizmohun

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…This agrees with most studies that services are an essential part of the economy, and they could help to improve the standard of living of people as well as aid to boost economic growth if properly managed. Most countries where services have a significant impact on GDP have all put diversification towards sectors such as services as a priority, noting that it could link the economy to other industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, and mining [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ], with the Botswana government acknowledging that the expansion of services sector could account for mitigating the effects on the environment, culminating from other activities such as mining and farming [ 70 ]. The improvements of Botswana’s economy culminated from the individual components have aided the country’s GDP growth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Services as a Determinant of Botswana’s Economic Sustainability

Phiri

Malec

Sakala

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In 2015, the services sector contributed about 58 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which was a significant increase from the 47.6 percent observed in 2005, and a shift from the mining, agriculture, and manufacturing sector. This increase calls to support services as the catalyst for sustained economic development as indicated by the structural transformation and modernization theories. The main objective of this paper was to examine the relationship between and the impact of services on the economic development in Botswana and make recommendations on how Botswana can apply well-directed policies to improve its services sector and diversify its impact on other sectors and GDP, making it less reliant on mining which is vulnerable to price volatilities. The paper applied econometric modeling and results of the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test for cointegration indicate that services and other industries services, agriculture, industry, mining, and investment impact GDP over the short and long run. These variables impacted GDP and converged to equilibrium at the speed of 46.89 percent, with a percent change in services in the short and long run impacting GDP by 0.328 and 0.241 percentages, respectively, and the outcome of the Wald test indicated causality from services to GDP growth. The services sectors have contributed over 40 percent to the country’s GDP from 1995 to the present, though the sectors have not gone without challenges with limitations such as limited infrastructure development; poverty and inequality; unemployment of over 20 percent; disease, which has dampened productivity; and lack of proper governance and accountability, which has created a habitat for an increase in cases of corruption in state and private entities. The findings of the study with the lessons learned from other studies with similar findings recommend that the government of Botswana should formulate suitable policies and strategies for services diversification. This is by expanding the market for the sector in areas such as tourism that were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, escalating investments by instituting strategies to attract and grow domestic and foreign investments, and improve on management of institutions and resources.

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“…The coefficient of infrastructure recorded a positive and statistically significant relationship with inflows of foreign direct investment in Africa economies. This means that countries with more extensive and adequate infrastructure are more likely to influence foreign businesses since better and quality infrastructure would aid their operations in reaching an optimal level of efficiency [15,[52][53][54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Africa

et al. 2021

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African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investment given the role that FDIs play in the development process. Several efforts made have been futile because of numerous factors that play against the business environment for foreign investments. Our paper analyses the influence of tax incentives on foreign direct investment in African economies based on data from 2000–2018. We utilized panel data on forty (40) African countries and an econometric model of four proxies of tax incentives, after controlling other variables, with robust Random Effect as our discussion estimator. Our results revealed that FDI responds to lower corporate income tax (CTR). Furthermore, foreign direct investment predominates in African economies with longer tax holidays and withholding tax. However, tax concession is insignificant to the inflows of FDIs in Africa. Summarizing, our results recommend that without proper restructuring of the tax incentives to deal with policy lapses by the governments of Africa, achieving the four main goals, i.e., poverty eradication, sustainable growth and development, African integration in the competitive global economy, and women empowerment, will be hindered.

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Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports

Cited by 9 publications

References 51 publications

Does economic policy uncertainty undermine stability of agricultural imports? Evidence from China

Does economic policy uncertainty undermine stability of agricultural imports? Evidence from China

Services as a Determinant of Botswana’s Economic Sustainability

Impact of Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Africa

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